Chap 5-8 Flashcards
The three main components of the modal model of memory are…
Sensory Memory
Short-Term Memory
Long-Term Memory
Sperling’s delayed partial report procedure provided evidence that…
Information in sensory memory fades within 1 or 2 seconds
The “magic number” according to Miller, is…
7 plus or minus 2
A task with the instructions “Read the following words while repeating ‘the, the, the’ out loud, look away, and then write down the words you remember” would most likely be studying…
Articulatory Suppression
According to the model of working memory, which of the following mental tasks should LEAST adversely affect people’s driving performance while operating a car along an unfamiliar, winding road?
Trying to remember the definition of a word they just learned.
Which of the following would most likely be the most detailed long-term memory?
I was talking to that girl just before class
The recency effect in short-term memory occurs when participants are asked to recall a list of words. One way to get rid of the recency effect is to…
Have participants count backwards for 30 seconds after hearing the last word of the list.
The predominant type of coding in LTM is…
Semantic
Explicit memory is to as implicit memory is to
Aware; unaware
After an attack of encephalitis, the “Italian woman” had difficulty remembering people or facts she knew before, however she could remember her life events and daily tasks. Her memory behavior reflects…
Intact episodic memory but impaired semantic memory
According to the levels of processing theory, which of the following tasks will produce the best long-term memory for a set of words?
Making a connection between each word and something you’ve previously learned
Bransford and Johnson’s study had participants hear a passage which turned out to be about a man on the street serenading his girlfriend in a tall building. The wording of the passage made it difficult to understand, but looking at a picture made it easier to understand. The results of this study illustrated the importance of_________in forming reliable long-term memories.
an organizational context during learning
The principle that we encode information together with its context is known as
encoding specificity.
transforms new memories from a fragile state, in which they can be disrupted, to a more permanent state, in which they are resistant to disruption.
Consolidation
consolidation involves the gradual reorganization of circuits within brain regions and takes place on a fairly long time scale, lasting weeks, months, or even years.
Systems
For most adults over age 40, the reminiscence bump describes enhanced memory for
adolescence and young adulthood.
Flashbulb memory is most completely represented by which of the following statements?
It is memory of the circumstances surrounding how a person heard about an emotional event that remains especially vivid but not necessarily accurate over time
According to the approach to memory, what people report as memories is based on what actually happened plus additional factors such as other knowledge, experiences, and expectations.
constructive
______occurs when more recent learning impairs memory for something that happened further back in the past.
Retroactive interference
In the experiment in which participants sat in an office and then were asked to remember what they saw in the office, participants “remembered” some things, like books, that weren’t actually there. This experiment illustrates the effect of on memory.
Schemas
Define Encoding
Processes used to store information in memory
Code and put into memory
Define Storage
Processes used to maintain information in memory
Maintain in memory
Define Retrieval
Processes used to get information back out of memory
Recover from memory
Define Recognition
The ability to match a piece of information or a stimulus to a stored image or fact
Define False Positive Recognition
Error of recognition in which people think that they recognize some stimulus that is not actually in memory
Define Recall
Type of memory retrieval in which the information to be retrieved must be “pulled” from memory with very few external cues
Name the 3 types of Recall
Serial recall
Free recall
Cued recall
Serial Recall
Need to recall order as well as item names
Example: Recall the names of all previous presidents in the order they were elected
Free Recall
Recall all the words you can from the list you saw previously
Cued Recall
Participants are given a cue to facilitate recall
Example: Recall everything you can that is associated with the Civil War
Control Processes
Active processes that can be controlled by the person
- Rehearsal (maintenance and elaborative rehearsal)
- Strategies used to make a stimulus more memorable
(e. g. associations, mnemonics) - Strategies of attention
Sensory Memory
Registers all or most info that hits our visual receptors
Holds large amount of info for a short period of time - decays very quickly
Collects info
Holds info for initial processing
Fills in the blanks
Persistence of vision
Retention of the perception of light
i.e. A sparkler’s trail of light OR Frames in a film
Sperling: Measuring Capacity - Whole Report Method
Participants asked to report as many as could be seen
Average of 4.5 out of 12 letters (37.5%)
Sperling: Measuring Capacity - Partial Report Method
Participants heard tone that told them which row of letters to report
Average of 3.3 out of 4 letters (82.5%)
Participants could report any of the rows
Sperling: Measuring Capacity - Delayed Partial Report
Presentation of tone delayed for a fraction of a second after the letters were extinguished
Performance decreases rapidly
Iconic Memory
Brief sensory memory of a visual image that lasts for only a fraction of a second
(Responsible for persistence of vision)
Echoic Memory
Brief sensory memory of the things that we hear lasting only a fraction of a second
(Responsible for persistence of sound)
Short-Term Memory (STM)
Stores small amounts of information for a brief duration
Intermediate processing stage between sensory memory & long-term memory
Includes both new information received from the sensory stores and information recalled from long-term memory
Decay
fading of a memory trace due to the passage of time and/or exposure to competing stimuli.
Proactive Interference
When information learned previously interferes with learning new information.
Retroactive Interference
When more recent learning interferes with memory for something that was learned in the past.
Working memory (WM)
limited capacity system for temporary storage and manipulation of information for complex tasks such as comprehension, learning, and reasoning
“Workspace” for processing
