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bio 20 > Chap 5 > Flashcards

Chap 5 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what are the 2 levels of bio diversity?

A

species diversity
genetic diversity

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2
Q

species diversity

A

the number of different species

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3
Q

7 level of classification system?

A

kingdom
phylum
class
order
family
genus
species

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4
Q

genus

A

first part of a binomial name; includes several species

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5
Q

species

A

a group of organisms thy look alike and can interbreed under natural conditions to produce fertile offspring

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6
Q

how does binomial nomenclature work

A

naming organisms in latin by genus (always capitalized) and species. scientific names are italicized

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7
Q

what are the 3 domain classification system

A

arhcaebacteria
eubacteria
eukaryota

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8
Q

major characteristics of plantae (6)

A

all multicellular
- all autotrophs
- reproduce sexually and asexually
- most are terrestrial
- has cell wall
- mosses, ferns, conifers, flowering plants

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9
Q

major characteristics of archaebacteria (5)

A

prokaryotes
- heterotrophs
- lives in harsh environments: salt lake, hot springs (thermal vents), animal guts
- methanogens, extreme thermophiles, extreme halophiles
- has cell wall without peptidoglycan

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10
Q

major characteristics of animalia (6)

A
  • all multicellular
  • all heterotrophs
  • most produce sexually
  • live in terrestrial and aquatic habitats
  • has no cell wall
  • sponges, fishes, lobsters, fishes, mammals, reptiles
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11
Q

major characteristics of protista (6)

A
  • mostly single-celled organisms (some are multicellular); eukaryotes
  • some are autotrophs and heterotrophs, some are both
  • reproduce sexually and asexually
  • live in aquatic or moist habitats
  • algae, protozoa
  • no cell wall
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12
Q

major characteristics of eubacteria (7)

A
  • prokaryotes with peptidoglycan cell wall
  • no nucleus
  • heterotrophs/eutotrophs
  • reproduce asexually
  • live nearly anywhere
  • bacteria, cyanobacteria
  • often has cell wall
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13
Q

how are organisms portrayed in a phylogenic tree

A
  • starts from ancestral form and branches out to its descendants
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14
Q

phylogeny

A

evolution organisms

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15
Q

dichotomous key

A

two part key used for identifying living things (used by scientist to identify organism)

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16
Q

3 types of bacteria

A

eukaryota
- archaebacteria
- eubacteria

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17
Q

evidence of evolution from biogeography (2)

A
  • where fossils are found says a lot about its history but because of earth’s evolution, come fossils may not be in its original geographical region
  • different species evolve isolated in different areas of the world
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18
Q

endemic (2)

A

species evolving in isolation
hypothesized to have ancestors from other landmasses that migrated to the are
species found only in one location

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19
Q

analogous features

A

features with similar appearance and function but have different evolutionary origin

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20
Q

vestigial features

A

features that serve no function to the organism

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21
Q

how do vestigial features support evolution?

A

ancestors might have the features and make use of it, but modern organism might have it and have no function

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22
Q

evidence of evolution from biochemistry

A

similar proteins in different species become different in terms of amino acid sequencing. Similar genetic makeup the closer to an evolutionary relationship an organism is to another.

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23
Q

4 nitrogen bases for DNA

A

(A) adenine (T) thymine, (G) guanine, (C) cytosine

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24
Q

what is DNA?

A

a molecule that makes up genetic material

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25
Q

What is gene?

A

segment of DNA that performs a specific function

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26
Q

what is artificial selection?

A

the process of human selecting and breeding individuals with the desired traits

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27
Q

evidence of evolution from artificial selection;

A

if humans are able to pick certain traits for the best reproductive success, it proves that nature also can in its own time frame, over the many years that is has passes and continues on doing so.

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28
Q

What is spontaneous generation?

A

belief that living things arose from non- living matter

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29
Q

What are the drawbacks of Lamarck’s theory of evolution?

A

Traits can’t be acquired they are inherited.

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30
Q

conditions, observations, and inferences involved in Darwin’s theory of natural selection

A
  1. Living forms came from fossils
  2. Saw that species in different geographical regions look different which led to his inference that different landmasses acted like isolated nurseries for the evolution of species
  3. Saw the galapagos had 13 different species of finches and he speculated they were all from the same species.
  4. Believed that geographical forces could account for the location of fossils and mountains, because he observed that after earthquakes the lifted portions of coastline by 3m
  5. Became obsessed with artificial selection and said that if people could do this so could the environment.
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31
Q

what is natural selection?

A

The result of differential reproductive success of individuals caused by variations in their inherited characteristics.

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32
Q

Contribution if Thomas Malthus to Darwin’s theory.

A

Said organisms produce more offspring than is able to survive which led to Darwin’s thought of competition between species: natural selection

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33
Q

What is mutation?

A

change in the DNA sequence in a chromosome

34
Q

what is neutral mutation?

A

has no immediate effect on individuals fitness or reproductive success

35
Q

Fitness?

A

organism’s reproductive success

36
Q

harmful mutation?

A

reduces an individuals fitness

37
Q

Beneficial mutation:

A

gives an individual selective advantage

38
Q

mutations role in genetic variation?

A

When DNA has some changes and new information arises

39
Q

What causes mutations?

A

-environmental factors
-errors in DNA replication or making

40
Q

How does sexual reprodcution increase variation in species

A
  1. Two copies of genes form 2 parents, so there’s a combination of genes from both parents resulting in a unique set of traits.
  2. Siblings all have different genetic combinations. The greater the # of genes in a species, the larger the combinations and the greater the genetic variability
  3. different mates + different possibilities.
41
Q

Inheritance of acquired characteristics?

A
  1. Lamarckism
  2. The false concept of inheritance of features acquired during the life on an individual
42
Q

Darwin evolution in terms of genetic mechanism

A
  1. Inherited characteristics: inherited characteristics are determined by genes. organisms typically have thousand of genes
  2. Population variability: individuals of the same species differ from one another, in part because they have different combinations of genes. Genetic makeup of all individuals within a population is the populations GENE POOL
  3. Source of new variations: new traits arise from gene mutations
  4. Natural selection: some genes determine traits that best suited for an organisms fitness. Individuals with there traits will produce more offspring and some will inherit the advantegous genes.
  5. Evolutionary change: over many years, more favourable traits in an organisms will become more common. evolution is the change in the populations gene pool.
43
Q

The process of allopatric speciation

A
  1. Physical barrier separating a single interbreeding population; isolating it into 2 or more groups. Mutations that may occur in on group or the other are not shared with each other.
  2. Natural selection works separately on groups resulting in different inherited traits. Populations evolve independently.
    In time accumulated differences between the two populations will be so pronounced that when the groups are reunited, at this point they have now formed completely different species.
44
Q

What is speciation?

A

The process of making new species

45
Q

Gradualism VS Punctuated Equilibrium

A
  1. Gradualism is the theory that species evolve at a slow, steady pace.
    Punctuated equilibrium is many species evolve rapidly in evolutionary time. Speciation occurs in small isolated populations so intermediate fossils are very rare. after an initial outburst of evolution, species are well adapted to their environment and so do not change significantly over long periods of time. The ideas that species evolve rapidly followed by a period of little or no change.
46
Q

Geological evidence and probable causes of past mass extinctions in contrast to the forces driving species decline #3

A
  1. Paleozoic era: camrian explosion then happened the permian extinction.
  2. Mesozoic era (dinos): asteroid
  3. Most extinctions are due to environmental changes and competition.
47
Q

What is divergent solution?

A

Evolution from a common ancestor and develops different characteristics

48
Q

What is Convergent solution?

A

2 different types of species with different ancestor have similar characteriscitcs.

49
Q

what is Taxa?

A

categories used to classify organisms

50
Q

what is taxonomy?

A

science of classifying living organisms

51
Q

How to calculate Half- Life?

A

how many times a number can be cut in half multiple times by the number of days it takes. ( 8->4->2->1+ 4 times)

52
Q

What is paleontology?

A

The study of fossils

53
Q

What is biography

A

the study of the geographic distribution of life on earth.

54
Q

What is radiometric dating?

A

a technique used to determine the age of fossils or rocks

55
Q

What is sexual reproduction?

A

production of pffsping by the union of sex cells from two different parents; offspring inherits a combinations of genes from both parents

56
Q

what is a sibling?

A

offspring from the same parent/ parents

57
Q

what is a gene pool?

A

all the genes in a certain population

58
Q

What is allopatric speciation?

A

speciation by reproductive isolation

59
Q

what is genetic diversity?

A

refers to the amount of variation i inherited traits between individuals of the same species

60
Q

What are the 6 kingdoms?

A
  1. eubacteria
  2. archaebacteria
  3. protista
  4. fungi
  5. plantae
  6. animalia
61
Q

What is a monera?

A

in a five kingdom system. Monera is a kingdom that includes organisms that lack a true nucleus. is split into eubacteria and archaebacteria

62
Q

Major characteristics of fungi;

A

-most multicellular
-all heterotrophs
-reproduce sexually and asexually
-most are terrestrial
-mushrooms, yeast, bread, and mould

63
Q

Evidence of evolutions from fossil record.

A
  • living species and closely matching species typically located in the same geographical region
  • complexity increased from the past till now
  • provides evidence of what organisms existed in the past
64
Q

evidence of evolutions from earth’s history

A
  • gradual change happens overtime and fossils and geological processes are evidence of this
  • isotope and radiometric dating
65
Q

What is homologous feauters?

A

features with similar strucutes bu different functions

66
Q

evidence of evolution from embryology

A

some organisms share the same features in the embryonic development but turn out to have different outcomes and features

67
Q

radiometric dating and halflife used to estimate fossil age

A

radioactivity decay rates: measurement of the isotope taking to decay and be stable; are measured by half-lives. isotope turns into another form of itself or a different isotope.

68
Q

Lamarks theory of evolution

A
  • he believed that species are continuously being created through spontaneous generation and that they gradually become complex
  • he believed organisms had a force or desire to adapt and pass certain traits to offspring, and that organisms adapt based on their environment
69
Q

contribution of alfred russell wallace to darwin’s theory

A

he had the same theory and the same conclusions

70
Q

common misconceptions about mutations and their corrections (3)

A

mutation occur when needed in response to environmental challenges; they occur at random and are more common being harmful than beneficial
- since harmful mutations are more common that beneficial mutations, they can accumulate and the species will steadily decline; harmful mutations are selected agaisnt and therefore do not accumulate over generations, survival of the fittest
- since mutations are random or at chance, then evolution is pure chance; although beneficial mutations are rare, they are selected for and can accumulate over the generations. they give individuls a higher rate for survival and reproduction

71
Q

asexual reproduction

A

production of an offspring from a single parent; offpsring inherit the gene of that parent only

72
Q

what is speciation?

A

formation of new species

73
Q

What is the 2 main purpose of taxonomy?

A
  1. Identifying organisms
  2. Providing a basis for recognizing natural groupings of living organisms
74
Q

What did Carl Linnaeus do?

A

Made the Biological classification system based on physical and structural features and operated that: the more features between organisms the closet they are in relationships

75
Q

who is the first to use Bio nomenclature?

A

Carl Linnaeus

76
Q

what did Robert Whittaker do?

A

proposed the 5 types of kingdoms

77
Q

Charles Lyell revolutionized geology but his theory got shut down by:

A

Lord Kevin because due to his popularity

78
Q

What did George Lewis proposed?

A

species could change leading to new organisms

79
Q

What is “Lamarckism”?

A

the concept of inheritance acquired characteristics

80
Q
A

bio 20 (1 decks)

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