Chap 5

Question 1

a person’s awareness of everything that is going on around him or her at any given moment

Answer 1

Consciousness

Question 2

state in which thoughts, feelings, and sensations are clear and organized, and the person feels alert

Answer 2

Waking consciousness

Question 3

state in which there is a shift in the quality or pattern of mental activity as compared to waking consciousness

Answer 3

Altered state of consciousness

Question 4

a cycle of bodily rhythm that occurs over a twenty-four-hour period

Answer 4

Circadian rhythm

Question 5

circa”:

Answer 5

About

Question 6

Dime

Answer 6

Day

Question 7

tiny section of the brain that influences the glandular system

Answer 7

Hypothalamus

Question 8

deep within the hypothalamus
§ the internal clock that tells people when to wake up and when to fall asleep

Answer 9

suprachiasmatic nucleus

Question 10

tells the pineal gland to secrete melatonin

Answer 10

Hypothalamus

Question 11

brief sidesteps into sleep lasting only a few seconds

Answer 11

Microsleeps

Question 12

any significant loss of sleep

Answer 12

Sleep deprivation

Question 13

theory of sleep proposing that animals and humans evolved sleep
patterns to avoid predators by sleeping when predators are most active

Answer 13

Adaptive theory:

Question 14

theory of sleep proposing that sleep is necessary to the
physical health of the body and serves to replenish chemicals and repair cellular damage

Answer 14

Restorative theory

Question 15

stage of sleep in which the eyes move rapidly
under the eyelids and the person is typically experiencing a dream

Answer 15

Rapid eye movement (REM)

Question 16

any of the stages of sleep that do not include REM

Answer 16

NREM (non-REM) sleep

Question 17

allows scientists to see the brain wave activity as a person passes through the various stages of sleep and to determine what type of sleep the person has entered

Answer 17

Electroencephalograph

Question 18

brain waves that indicate a state of relaxation or light sleep

Answer 18

alpha waves

Question 19

brain waves indicating the early stages of sleep

Answer 19

theta waves:

Question 20

long, slow waves that indicate the deepest stage of sleep

Answer 20

delta waves

Question 21

hypnagogic images: hallucinations or vivid visual events
§ hypnic jerk: knees, legs, or whole body jerks

Answer 21

N1 (R&K Stage 1): light sleep

Question 22

sleep spindles: brief bursts of activity only lasting a second or two

Answer 22

N2 (R&K Stage 2): sleep spindles

Question 23

deepest stage of sleep: 50 percent or more of waves are delta waves
– body at lowest level of functioning – time at which growth occurs

Answer 23

N3 (R&K Stages 3 and 4): delta waves pronounced

Question 24

If wakened during REM sleep, sleepers almost always report a dream.

Answer 24

REM sleep is paradoxical sleep

Question 25

increased amounts of REM sleep after being deprived of REM sleep on earlier nights

Answer 25

REM rebound:

Question 26

bad dreams occurring during REM sleep

Answer 26

Nightmares

Question 27

mechanism that blocks the movement of the voluntary muscles fails – allows the person to thrash around, or even get up and act out nightmares

Answer 27

REM behavior disorder

Question 28

somnambulism) – episode of moving around or walking around in one’s sleep – occurs in deep sleep – more common among children than adults

Answer 28

Sleepwalking

Question 29

the person experiences extreme fear and screams or runs around during deep sleep – doesn’t wake fully – relatively rare disorder

Answer 29

Night terrors

Question 30

the inability to get to sleep, stay asleep, or get a good quality of sleep

Answer 30

Insomnia

Question 31

disorder in which the person stops breathing for nearly half a minute or more

Answer 31

Sleep apnea:

Question 32

sleep disorder in which a person falls immediately into REM sleep during the day without warning

Answer 32

Narcolepsy

Question 33

dreams as wish fulfillment

Answer 33

Freud

Question 34

dreams are created by the higher centers of the cortex to explain the brain stem’s activation of cortical cells during REM sleep periods

Answer 34

Activation-synthesis hypothesis

Question 35

revised version of the activation-synthesis explanation of dreams – information that is accessed during waking hours can have an influence on the synthesis of dreams

Answer 35

Activation-information-mode model (AIM)

Question 36

state of consciousness in which the person is especially susceptible to suggestion

Answer 36

Hypnosis

Question 37

degree to which a person is a good hypnotic subject

Answer 37

Hypnotic susceptibility

Question 38

hypnosis works only in a person’s immediate consciousness, while a hidden “observer” remained aware of all that was going on

Answer 38

Hypnosis as dissociation

Question 39

people who are hypnotized are not in an altered state, but are merely playing the role expected of them in the situation

Answer 39

Social-cognitive theory of hypnosis

Question 40

drugs that alter thinking, perception, and memory

Answer 40

Psychoactive drugs:

Question 41

more and more of the drug is needed to achieve the same effect

Answer 41

tolerance

Question 42

physical symptoms resulting from a lack of an addictive drug in the body

Answer 42

withdrawal

Question 43

the feeling that a drug is needed to continue a feeling of emotional or psychological well-being

Answer 43

Psychological dependence

Question 44

drugs that increase the functioning of the nervous system

Answer 44

Stimulants

Question 45

drugs that are synthesized (made in labs) rather than found in nature

Answer 45

amphetamines

Question 46

natural drug; produces euphoria, energy, power, and pleasure

Answer 46

cocaine

Question 47

active ingredient in tobacco

Answer 47

nicotine

Question 48

the stimulant found in coffee, tea, most sodas, chocolate, and even many over- the-counter drugs

Answer 48

caffeine

Question 49

drugs that decrease the functioning of the nervous system

Answer 49

Depressants

Question 50

depressant drugs that have a sedative effect

Answer 50

barbiturates

Question 51

drugs that lower anxiety and reduce stress

Answer 51

benzodiazepines

Question 52

the “date rape” drug

Answer 52

Rohypnol

Question 53

the chemical resulting from fermentation or distillation of various kinds of vegetable matter – often mistaken for a stimulant, alcohol is actually a CNS depressant

Answer 53

Alcohol

Question 54

opium-related drugs – suppress the sensation of pain by binding to and stimulating the nervous system’s natural receptor sites for endorphins.

Answer 54

Narcotics

Question 55

substance made from the opium poppy and from which all narcotic drugs are derived

Answer 55

opium

Question 56

narcotic drug derived from opium; used to treat severe pain

Answer 56

morphine

Question 57

narcotic drug derived from opium that is extremely addictive

Answer 57

heroin

Question 58

drugs including hallucinogens and marijuana that produce hallucinations or increased feelings of relaxation and intoxication

Answer 58

Psychogenic Drugs

Question 59

drugs that cause false sensory messages, altering the perception of reality

Answer 59

hallucinogens

Question 60

powerful synthetic hallucinogen

Answer 60

LSD

Question 61

synthesized drug now used as an animal tranquilizer that can cause stimulant, depressant, narcotic, or hallucinogenic effects

Answer 61

PCP

Question 62

designer drug that can have both stimulant and hallucinatory effects

Answer 62

Ecstasy

Question 63

drugs that produce a mixture of psychomotor stimulant and hallucinogenic effects

Answer 63

Stimulatory hallucinogenics:

Question 64

mild hallucinogen derived from the leaves and flowers of a particular type of hemp plant

Answer 64

marijuana

Question 65

hallucination that can occur just as a person is entering N1 sleep

Answer 65

Hypnogogic hallucination

Question 66

hallucination that happens just as a person is in the between-state of being in REM sleep (in which the voluntary muscles are paralyzed) and not yet fully awake

Answer 66

Hypnopompic hallucination: