Chap 4 DSS & Ai Flashcards
Phases of Decision Making
- Intelligence
- Design
- Choice
- Implementation
Intelligence
Find or recognize a problem, need, or opportunity
Design
Consider possible ways of solving the problem
Choice
Weigh the merits of each solution
Implementation
Carry out the solution
Types of Decisions
- Structured vs. Non Structured
2. Recurring vs. Non recurring (Ad Hoc)
Structured Decision
Processing a certain information in a specific way so that you will always get the right decision
Ex: Salary
Non Structured Decision
one for which there may be several “right” answers, without a sure way to get the right answer
Ex: Advancement Opportunity
Recurring Decision
A decision you make repeatedly
Non Recurring (ad hoc) Decision
A decision you make infrequently
DSS
Decision Support System
Decision Support System
a highly flexible and interactive system that is designed to support decision making when the problem is not structured
helps to analyze but one must know how to solve the problem and use the results
Components of a DSS
- Model management component
- Data Management component
- User Interface Management Component
Model Management Component
Consists of both the DSS models and the Models management system
Data Management Component
Stores and maintains the information that you want your DSS to use
User Information Component
Allows you to communicate with the DSS
Geographic Information System
DSS designed specifically to analyze spacial information (information in map form)
AI
Artificial Intelligence
Artificial Intelligence
the science of making machines imitate human thinking and behavior
Deliver the conclusion rather than help analyze the options
Robot
a mechanical device equipped with human senses and the ability to take action on its own
Types of AI used in Business
- Expert Systems
- Neural Networks
- Genetic Algorithms
- Intelligence Agents
Expert System
knowledge based system
An artificial intelligence system that applies reasoning capabilities to reach a conclusion
used to tell diagnostic problems (whats wrong) and prescriptive problems (what to do)
Expert Systems CAN….
- Reduce errors
- Improve Customer Service
- Reduce Cost
Expert Systems CANT…
- Use common sense
2. Automate all processes
Neural Networks
An artificial intelligence System that is capable of finding and differentiating patterns
Neural Networks CAN
- Learn and adjust to circumstances on their own
- Take part in massive parallel processing
- Function without complete information
- Cope with huge volumes of information
- Analyze nonlinear relationships
Fuzzy Logic
A mathematical method of handling imprecise or subjective information
used to make ambiguous information such as “short” usable in computer systems
Fuzzy Logic Applications
Google’s Search Engine
Antilock Brakes
Washing Machines
Genetic Algorithm
an artificial intelligence system that mimics the evolutionary, survival of the fittest, process to generate increasingly better solutions to a problem
Evolutionary Theories of Genetic Algorithms
- Selection
- Crossover
- Mutation
Selection
Survival of the fittest or giving preference to better outcomes
Crossover
combining portions of good outcomes to create even better outcomes
Mutation
randomly trying combinations and evaluating the success of each
Genetic Algorithms CAN
Take many possible solutions and combine and recombine them until it find the optimal solution
work in environments where no model of how to find the right solution exists
Intelligence Agents
software that assist you, or acts on your behalf completing repetitive computer related tasks
Types of Intelligence Agents
- Information Agents
2 Monitoring and surveillance or predictive agents - Data mining agents
- User or personal agents
Information Agents
intelligent agents that search for information of some kind and bring it back
Buyer Agent/ Shopping Bot
an intelligent agent on a web site that helps the customer find products/services they want
Monitoring and surveillance or predictive agents
intelligence agents that constantly observe and report on some entity of interest, a network, or manufacturing equipment for example
Data Mining Agent
operates in a data warehouse discovering information
User or Personal Agents
Intelligence agent that takes action on our behalf
Examples of User/personal Agents
- Prioritize emails
- act as gaming partner
- Assemble customized news reports
- fill out forms for you
- “Discuss” topics with you
Biomimicry
learning from ecosystems and adapting their characteristics to human and organizational situations
Biomimicry is used for…..
- Learn how people based systems behave
- Predict how they will behave under certain circumstances
- Improve human systems to make them more efficient and effective
Agent based Modeling
a way of simulating human organizations using multiple intelligent agents, each of which follows a set of simple rules and can adapt to changing conditions
Multi-agent Modeling
groups of intelligent agents have the ability to work independently and to interact with each other
Swarm (Collective) intelligence
the collective behavior of groups of simple agents that are capable of devising solutions to problems as they arise eventually learning to coherent global patterns
Characteristics of SWARM intelligence
- Flexibility - adaptability to change
2 Robustness - tasks are completed even if some individuals are removed - Decentralization - each individual has a simple job to do
