chap 4

Question 1

A set of routines, standards, protocols, and tools for building software applications to access a web-based software application or web tool.

Answer 1

Application programming interface (API)

Question 2

The most essential representation of data (zero or one) at Layer 1 of the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model.

Answer 2

Bit

Question 3

Broadcast transmission is a one-to-many (one-to-everyone) form of sending internet traffic.

Answer 3

Broadcast

Question 4

The byte is a unit of digital information that most commonly consists of eight bits.

Answer 4

Byte

Question 5

A system in which the cloud infrastructure is provisioned for exclusive use by a specific community of consumers from organizations that have shared concerns (e.g., mission, security requirements, policy and compliance considerations). It may be owned, managed and operated by one or more of the organizations in the community, a third party or some combination of them, and it may exist on or off premises. NIST 800-145

Answer 5

Community cloud

Question 6

A model for enabling ubiquitous, convenient, on-demand network access to a shared pool of configurable computing resources (e.g., networks, servers, storage, applications, and services) that can be rapidly provisioned and released with minimal management effort or service provider interaction. NIST 800-145

Answer 6

Cloud computing

Question 7

The opposite process of encapsulation, in which bundles of data are unpacked or revealed.

Answer 7

De-encapsulation

Question 8

The prevention of authorized access to resources or the delaying of time-critical operations. (Time-critical may be milliseconds or it may be hours, depending upon the service provided.) Source: NIST SP 800-27 Rev A

Answer 8

Denial-of-Service (DoS)

Question 9

This acronym can be applied to three interrelated elements: a service, a physical server and a network protocol.

Answer 9

Domain Name Service (DNS)

Question 10

Enforcement of data hiding and code hiding during all phases of software development and operational use. Bundling together data and methods is the process of encapsulation; its opposite process may be called unpacking, revealing, or using other terms. Also used to refer to taking any set of data and packaging it or hiding it in another data structure, as is common in network protocols and encryption.

Answer 10

Encapsulation

Question 11

The process and act of converting the message from its plaintext to ciphertext. Sometimes it is also referred to as enciphering. The two terms are sometimes used interchangeably in literature and have similar meanings.

Answer 11

Encryption

Question 12

The internet protocol (and program) used to transfer files between hosts.

Answer 12

File Transfer Protocol (FTP)

Question 13

In a fragment attack, an attacker fragments traffic in such a way that a system is unable to put data packets back together.

Answer 13

Fragment attack

Question 14

The physical parts of a computer and related devices.

Answer 14

Hardware

Question 15

A combination of public cloud storage and private cloud storage where some critical data resides in the enterprise’s private cloud while other data is stored and accessible from a public cloud storage provider.

Answer 15

Hybrid cloud

Question 16

The provider of the core computing, storage and network hardware and software that is the foundation upon which organizations can build and then deploy applications. IaaS is popular in the data center where software and servers are purchased as a fully outsourced service and usually billed on usage and how much of the resource is used.

Answer 16

Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS)

Question 17

An IP network protocol standardized by the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) through RFC 792 to determine if a particular service or host is available.

Answer 17

Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP)

Question 18

Standard protocol for transmission of data from source to destinations in packet-switched communications networks and interconnected systems of such networks. CNSSI 4009-2015

Answer 18

Internet Protocol (IPv4)

Question 19

An attack where the adversary positions himself in between the user and the system so that he can intercept and alter data traveling between them. Source: NISTIR 7711

Answer 19

Man-in-the-Middle

Question 20

Part of a zero-trust strategy that breaks LANs into very small, highly localized zones using firewalls or similar technologies. At the limit, this places firewall at every connection point.

Answer 20

Microsegmentation

Question 21

Purposely sending a network packet that is larger than expected or larger than can be handled by the receiving system, causing the receiving system to fail unexpectedly.

Answer 21

Oversized Packet Attack

Question 22

Representation of data at Layer 3 of the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model.

Answer 22

Packet

Question 23

The primary action of a malicious code attack

Answer 23

Payload

Question 23

An information security standard administered by the Payment Card Industry Security Standards Council that applies to merchants and service providers who process credit or debit card transactions.

Answer 23

Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard (PCI DSS)

Question 24

The web-authoring or application development middleware environment that allows applications to be built in the cloud before they’re deployed as SaaS assets.

Answer 24

Platform as a Service (PaaS)

Question 25

The phrase used to describe a cloud computing platform that is implemented within the corporate firewall, under the control of the IT department. A private cloud is designed to offer the same features and benefits of cloud systems, but removes a number of objections to the cloud computing model, including control over enterprise and customer data, worries about security, and issues connected to regulatory compliance.

Answer 25

Private Cloud

Question 26

A set of rules (formats and procedures) to implement and control some type of association (that is, communication) between systems. NIST SP 800-82 Rev. 2

Answer 26

Protocols

Question 27

The cloud infrastructure is provisioned for open use by the general public. It may be owned, managed, and operated by a business, academic, or government organization, or some combination of them. It exists on the premises of the cloud provider. NIST SP 800-145

Answer 27

Public Cloud

Question 28

The standard communication protocol for sending and receiving emails between senders and receivers.

Answer 28

Simple Mail Transport Protocol (SMTP)

Question 29

Computer programs and associated data that may be dynamically written or modified during execution. NIST SP 80–37 Rev. 2

Answer 29

Software

Question 30

The cloud customer uses the cloud provider’s applications running within a cloud infrastructure. The applications are accessible from various client devices through either a thin client interface, such as a web browser or a program interface. The consumer does not manage or control the underlying cloud infrastructure including network, servers, operating systems, storage, or even individual application capabilities, with the possible exception of limited user-specific application configuration settings. Derived from NIST 800-145

Answer 30

Software as a Service (SaaS)

Question 31

Faking the sending address of a transmission to gain illegal entry into a secure system. CNSSI 4009-2015

Answer 31

Spoofing

Question 32

Internetworking protocol model created by the IETF, which specifies four layers of functionality: Link layer (physical communications), Internet Layer (network-to-network communication), Transport Layer (basic channels for connections and connectionless exchange of data between hosts), and Application Layer, where other protocols and user applications programs make use of network services.

Answer 32

Transport Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) Model

Question 33

A virtual local area network (VLAN) is a logical group of workstations, servers, and network devices that appear to be on the same LAN despite their geographical distribution.

Answer 33

VLAN

Question 34

A virtual private network (VPN), built on top of existing networks, that can provide a secure communications mechanism for transmission between networks.

Answer 34

VPN

Question 35

A wireless area network (WLAN) is a group of computers and devices that are located in the same vicinity, forming a network based on radio transmissions rather than wired connections. A Wi-Fi network is a type of WLAN.

Answer 35

WLAN

Question 36

The graphical user interface (GUI) for the Nmap Security Scanner, an open-source application that scans networks to determine everything that is connected as well as other information.

Answer 36

Zenmap

Question 37

Removing the design belief that the network has any trusted space. Security is managed at each possible level, representing the most granular asset. Microsegmentation of workloads is a tool of the model.

Answer 37

Zero Trust