chap 3 Flashcards
William Penn
Quaker (1862) who got PA to adopt “the great law”
The great law
Emphasized hard labor in a house of correction as punishment
based on humane Quaker principles.
death for premeditated murder
Penitentiary
an institution that isolates individuals convicted of a crime from society
for reflecting on the past misdeeds repent and undergo reformation
Benjamin Rush (1745-1813)
Advocated for penitentiary as a replacement for capital and corporal punishment
Separate confinement
A PA penitentiary system in which individuals were held in isolation
Activities took place within cells
Robert VAUX
One of the original reformers for Pennsylvania system
elam lynds (1784-1855)
A warden at the New York Auburn system
Developed a congregate system and a regimen of strict discipline
Congregate system
A system where prisoners were held in isolation at night but worked with others during the day under rules of silence
Contract labor system
Essential to Auburn and other northeast penitentiaries.
Labor from the convicted was sold on contractual basis to private employers.
Pennsylvania versus New York implementation methods
PA: isolation, penance, contemplation, labor, silence
NY: strict obedience, labor, silence
Pennsylvania versus New York days
PA: Individuals are kept in their cells for eating, sleeping, and working.
NY: Individuals sleep in their cells but come together to eat and work.
Pennsylvania versus New York Activities
PA: Bible reading, working on crafts in cell
NY: Working together in shops making goods to be sold by the state
Enoch Cobb Wines (1806-1879)
organizer of the National Prison Association in cincinnati ohio, 1870
contributor to the Cincinnati Declaration of Principles.
mark systems
A system in which prison residents are assessed a certain number of marks
based on the severity of their crime, at the time of sentencing.
Possibility of reducing marks and jail time
Zebulon Brockway (1827–1920)
head of Detroit’sHouse of Correction
believed that diagnosis and treatment were the keys to reform and rehabilitation.
reformatory
an institution to which youthful offenders are sent as an alternative to prison
Progressive programs in two words:
conscience and convenience.
positivist school
the assumptions that human behavior is a product of biological, economic, psychological, and social factors.
The scientific method can be applied to ascertain the causes of individual behavior.
medical model
the assumption that criminal behavior is caused by social, psychological, or biological defects that require treatment.
community corrections
believes reintegrating the convicted individual into the community should be the goal of the criminal justice system
lease system
people who were convicted of crimes were leased to contractors who provided these individuals with food and clothing in exchange for their labor.
crime control model of corrections
based on the assumption that criminal behavior can be controlled by more use of incarceration and other forms of strict supervision.
Three Elements of Reform Implemented by Progressives
probation, indeterminate sentences, parole
no religious or moral explanations
progressive reform strats
improving conditions in environments that seemed to be grounds for crime
rehabilitating individuals.
emira reformary was designed for
males 16-30 who were convicted of their 1st felony
Black Codes
laws designed to control newly freed African Americans in the South.
Large-scale penal farms developed mainly in the latter half of the century, particularly in:
Louisiana, Mississippi, and Texas.
west settlements took off:
during/after california gold rush
rising crime rates began in
1960s
The great law was replaced by
the Anglican Code in 1718
jails held people who
could not pay debt, or people awaiting court.
States that added incarceration with hard labor as an alternative to such public punishments as whipping and stocks
Connecticut (1773)
Massachusetts (1785)
New York (1796)
Pennsylvania (1786)
