Chap 3 Flashcards
1
Q
More than half of the body weight of human is
A
Water
2
Q
The percentage of water in a infant body
A
72
3
Q
The percentage of water and a older adult body
A
45
4
Q
Women bodies have more water than men true or false
A
False
5
Q
Where are the function of water one and two
A
A vehicle for transportation of substance to and from the cell
aid with heat regulation by providing perspiration which evaporates and cool the body
6
Q
What are the function of water
three and four
A
Assist in maintenance of hydrogen balance in the body
serve as a medium for the enzymatic action of digestion
7
Q
A vehicle for a transportation a substance to and from the cell
Aid heat regulation by providing perspiration which evaporates and cools the body
Assist in maintenance of hydrogen balance in the body
Serve as a medium for the enzymatic action of digestion
A
Function of water
8
Q
Please describe distribution regulation of body fluid
A
Osmoreceptors
Baroreceptors
Adh
Aldosterone
Arterial natriuretic peptide
Brain natriuretic peptide
9
Q
Osmoreceptors
Baroreceptors
Adh
Aldosterone
Arterial natriuretic peptide
Brain natriuretic peptide
A
Distribution and regulation of body fluid
10
Q
In the hypothalamus sense the internal environment
Promote and take a fluid
A
Osmoreceptors
11
Q
Released by the posterior pituitary controls how much fluid leaves the body in the urine
Cause reabsorption of H2O from the kidney tubules
A
Adh
12
Q
In the carotid sinus & aortic arch
Detect pressure change that indicates in high or low in the blood volume
Sympathetic or parasympathetic nervous system to return the pressure to normal
A
Barorecptors
13
Q
Regulates the reabsorption of water and sodium ion from the kidney tubules
A
Aldosterone
14
Q
Anp & BNP are released from the____
The stretching of the stimulates the release of ANP and BNP to do what
A
Heart
Lower blood pressure
15
Q
Come out lots of H2O and sodium ions from the kidney tubules causes vasodilation
A
BNP and anp
16
Q
Is fluid within the cell 70%
of all fluid in our body
A
Intracellular
17
Q
Is the fluid outside the cell 30% of all the fluid in our body
A
Extracellular
18
Q
What are the source of water in the avenues of a h2o loss
How much is the average of each
A
Oral- 1500 mL urine
Food-800 mL perspiration
Metabolism-200 mL feces
19
Q
Where are though 0SMORECPTOR located and what are their function
A
In the hypothalamus
Internal environment and takes a fluid we need it
20
Q
What are some signs and symptoms that caused the release of antidiuretic hormone
A
Pain nausea and stress
21
Q
When extra cellular fluid volume is low
or when sodium concentration is elevated what happens
A
The adrenal cortex release aldosterone
22
Q
When the adrenal Cortex releases aldosterone this causes what
A
The reabsorption of sodium from the renal tubules
23
Q
The RENIN-ANAGIOTENSIS-ALDOSTERONE System regulates
A
The release of aldosterone
24
Q
____ is released when the blood flows to the kidney is____
A
Renin
Decreased
25
How ANP helps to protect the body from fluid overload
| And what do it do to the heart
By increasing sodium excretion
released by atria of the heart by the stretching of the heart to decrease fluid volume
26
By increasing sodium excretion released by atria heart By the stretching of the heart to decrease fluid volume
Is how anp helps to protect the body from fluid overload
27
Where does the exchange of nutrients and waste take place
In the interstitial space-between the tissue
28
By which substance move across the membrane until they are evenly distributed in the available space
Substance move from a high to low concentration until the concentration on both sides of the membrane is equal occurs in the lung movement down a concentration
Diffusion
29
```
Glucose
oxygen
carbon dioxide
water
other small ions molecules
```
```
Osmosis
isotonic
hypertonic
hypotonic
filtration
```
Stop this is why ways of diffusion
30
Movement of pure solvent across the membrane water moves by
this process takes place through a
Osmosis
Semi permeable membrane
31
When living cells are surrounded by a solution that has the SAME concentration of particles the water passage ration of ICS and ECF it will be equal
Isotonic
32
If the cell are on the by a solution that has a greater concentration of solute than the cell of H2O in the cell will move to the more concentrated solution
the cell will be dehydrated and shrink CRENATION
Hypertonic
33
If the cell are surrounded by solution that has less solute than the cell in the would burst
Hemolysis
Hypotonic
34
Movement of water and solute through a semipermeable membrane membrane as a result of pushing force on one side of the membrane
Filtration
35
What areas of the body does filtration occurs
In the kidney where wasters substance and excess water are eliminated
In the heart as well because of hydrostatic pressure
36
May Move substance from an area of Laura concentration to an area of higher concentration
Requires energy which can move molecules into cell regardless of their electrical charge or concentration already in the cell
Active transport
37
The mechanism by which sodium and potassium or move into or out of the cell through active transport
Sodium/potassium pump
38
Impaired swallowing
Extreme weakness
disorientation/COMA
Unability of water patients to have lost it says amount of fluid from vomiting
```
Diarrhea
burns
diaphoresis
excessive diuretic therapy
Hemorrhage
```
Cause of fluid volume deficit
39
```
Thirst
poor skin turgor
Deep mucous membrane
Increase heart rate
Weight loss
confusion
increase hematocrit of less solution more solute
```
Increased bun kidneys try to retain all of the water retaining waste product as well
Increase serum sodium
Increased sodium osmolarity
Oilguria
S/s fluid volume deficit
40
What is the most accurate measurement of fluid gains or losses
Weight 2.2 pounds = 1 kg in 24 hours and the indicates gain or loss of 1 L of fluid
41
What are some other problems that can occur with fluid volume deficit
Constipation
orthostatic hypotension
prone to infection a
Furrowed dry tongue
42
What is the orthostatic air postural hypotension
Blood pressure that falls what position change from supine to sitting or standing
43
Includes the patient’s preference for liquids for
example fruit juice
and any other nutritious liquid tolerated
and bouillon
Fluid volume deficit intervention
44
Have a patient lay down or turn his head to one side
or have the patient’s neck and lower his head between his leg
use a cold damp washcloth and wipe the patient face in the back of the neck
provide mouth care after the episode
if nausea and vomiting persist observe for dehydration
Nausea/vomiting intervention
45
Provide physical and mental rest prevent unnecessary loss of water and nutrients protect the rectal mucosa and eventually replace lost of fluid
Diarrhea intervention
46
What can happen if the patient IV fluid administered to fast signs and symptoms
Fluid volume excess= water toxicity
Fluid in the lungs
Wet lung sounds
JVD etc.
47
Avoid concurrent alcohol ingestion or other CNS depressant
Which is a
Hydroxyzine
Depressant
48
```
Hydroxyzine
Promethazine
Prochlorperazine maleate
Ondansetron
Metoclopramide
```
Common antiemetic
49
Common antiemetic
```
Hydroxyzine
Promethazine
Prochlorperazine maleate
Ondansetron
Metoclopramide
```
50
Commonly prescribed anti-diarrheal and teaching
```
Diphenoxylate atropine
Loperamide hcl
Kaolin pectin
Bismuth subslicylaye
Camphorated opium tincture
```
51
```
Diphenoxylate atropine
Loperamide hcl
Kaolin pectin
Bismuth subslicylaye
Camphorated opium tincture
```
anti-diarrheal
52
Which electrolytes lost During diarrhea is needed by the body to prevent alkalosis
Potassium
53
What are some of the infection agent that cause diarrhea
```
Almonella
C.diff
E.coli
Fecal impaction
Irritable bowel syndrome
Tumor
```
54
What type of diet should be encourage for a patient with diarrhea and
what food should be avoided
Clear liquid diet then to bland liquid then to solid food of increase calories and High protein and High carbohydrate
55
What type of bowel sounds a little someone with diarrhea likely display
Gurgling
| And tinkling sounds come in the waves and are hyperactive
56
What are some of the nursing measures provided to patient that I have diarrhea
To provide physical and mental rest prevent unnecessary loss of water in nutrient
and protect the rectal mucosa replace lots of fluid
57
Which apartment is first affected by excess fluid loss volume
Extracellular
58
What is water intoxication
Receives more water than a excrete
59
Which lab test can provide an accurate measurement for wire excess and circulatory overload
Hematocrit decrease
Urine concentration decrease
Been level and hemoglobin Decrease
60
Promote loss of water and sodium ions from the kidney tubules and cause vasodilation
BNP & Anp
61
What do hematocrit lab test measure
The % of rbc in a volume of whole blood
62
What do the specific gravity measure
The concentration of solute in the urine both lower value will be lower
63
What do bun measure
The amount of nitrogen in our blood that comes from Waste products urea
64
What is urea made out of and where
When protein is broken down in our body
in the liver and passed out of our body in the urine
65
What happens to the blood volume and blood pressure with fluid volume excess
hypervolemia may occur which can lead to CHF and pulmonary edema
66
Excess blood volume
Hypervolemia
67
Accumulation of freely moving interstitial fluid
Edema
68
Fluid in A body cavity
| Peritoneal or cranial
Generalized edema
Anasarca
69
Usually non-pitting does not come and go often taught and shiny skin stretched over hard red area localized in the specific area
Localized edema
70
Lymph build up in a area pt w mastectomy
Lymph edema
71
In the feet ankle and lower extremities and sacral area and effect on gravity
Dependent Edema
72
How can you treat dependent edema
By elevating the body part 18 inch above heart level and repositioning patient frequently
73
What are the four general causes of edema
Increase in capillary hydrostatic pressure equal pushing
loss of plasma protein
Obstruction of lymphatic circulation
increase in capillary permeability
74
What does the term third spacing mean
Went to much fluid moves from the intravascular space into the interstitial space it is non-functional ascites
75
When you press fingertip against a patient swollen tissue it create a pit
It is measured by pressing pressing thumb into the skin at a bony prominence and hold for five seconds
Depending on how long the patient takes to go away assess the severity of the Edema
Pitting Edema How to measure it
76
What are some other treatment that can be used for edema
Fluid volume restriction
Administering a diuretic
bed rest kidneys works best when lying supine
Ted nose and SED
Low sodium diet
77
Concentration of the solution determined by the number of solute in it
Osmolarity
78
___ Controls the water movement in the distribution of the body fluids in _____and_____ compartment
Osmolarity
intracellular
extracellular
79
Maintain the osmolarity of icf
Potassium
80
Controls the osmolarity of ECF
Sodium
81
Are negatively charged ions
anions
82
Are positively charged ions
Cations
83
How do electrolytes create electrical impulse
Since electrolytes are electrically charged they are chemically activated
84
What do you chemical activity allow
The creation of electrical impulse across the cell membrane
85
What does chemical activity make it possible for
Transmission of nerve impulse contraction of the muscle and excretion of hormones and other substance from grandular cells
86
Ca2+
8.4 – 10.6
87
Mg +
1.3-2.1
88
Po4-
3.0-4.5
89
Cl-
96-106
90
Hco3-
22-26
91
Waste a test for CHVOSTEK
Tapping the facial nerve about an inch in front of the earlobe
a unlateral twitching of the face is positive calcium and magnesium deficit
92
Chloride level below 95 MEQ. can occur with severe vomiting
Hypocholremia
93
Call I level above 103MEQ
Hyperchloremia
94
Phosphate level below 3.0
Hypophosphatemia
95
Phosphate level above 4.5 commonly in Renal failure
Hyperphosphatemia
96
Why test for trousseau
Place some blood pressure cuff on the arm
inflate above systolic pressure and hold for 3minutes
If spasms of hands occur the reaction is positive
97
The normal PHO body fluid is
7.35- 7.45
98
If PH is below 6.8 it is
If pH is above 7.8 it is
Acidosis and alkalosis
99
Acidosis Is the result of an
Accumulation of acid or loss of bass
100
What are the three mechanism used by the body to try to rebound the pH
Buffer pairs
the respiratory
and kidney
101
Group of chemicals that absorbs excess acid or excess based circulating in the blood response to pH changing quickly
Buffer repairs
102
Alter breathing rate and depth because of CO2 dissolves in the blood and combines with water and to form carbonic acid
Respiratory system
103
Change the excretion rate of acid in the production and absorption of bio carbonated ions
Kidney
104
What should the ratio of carbonated acid to bicarbonated be maintained the PH within normal limits
1 part of carbonic acid to 20 parts of bicarbonate
105
Hyperventilation can lead to
Respiratory acidosis
106
Hyperventilation can lead 2
Respiratory alkalosis
107
When the kidney reabsorb or fail to eliminate enough bicarbonate were occurrs
Alkalosis
108
If the kidney eliminate too much bicarbonate what occurs
Acidosis
109
I may have a fruity order and the rapid breathing
Kussmal respiration
Diabetic ketoacidosis
Kidney failure
Metabolic acidosis
110
Slow shallow respiration and decrease chest movement hypokalemia due to excreting hydrogen
Metabolic alkalosis
111
The abgs
```
Pao2
Paco2
Ph
Sao2
Hco3
Base exercise or deficit
```
112
Partial pressure exerted by o2 in the arterial blood
80-100
| Pao2
113
Partial Pressure Of CO2 in the arterial blood
35 to 45
| PaCO2
114
Expression of the extent to with the blood is alkaline or is acid
PH
| 7.35-7.45
115
Percentage of available hemoglobin that is saturated with oxygen
94 – 10 percent
| SaO2
116
Level of plasma bicarbonate increase makes the blood more alkaline
22-26
| Hco3
117
In the case the amount of blood buffer presents
alkalosis is present when this value is abnormally high
abnormally low value in the case is so acidosis
Base excess or deficit
118
A pt w Copd would most likely develop respirator
Alk or acid
Acidosis
119
How is respiratory acidosis treated
Establishment or maintenance of an airways o2 administration
120
Acute problem such as airway obstruction
Pneumonia
Asthma and chest injuries
Pulmonary edema
Copd
Emphysema
W opiates use that depression the respiratory rate
Respiratory acidosis
121
Excessive loss of blood bicarbonate ion from diarrhea,renal failure, diabetic keto acidosis hyperkalemia
Metabolic acidosis
122
Anxiety
Increase fever
And overdose of aspirin
Respiratory alkalosis
123
Vomiting extensive gastrointestinal suction
Metabolic alkalosis
124
Excessive use of antacid w bicarbonate
Hypokalemia
125
How is metabolic acidosis treated
Using insulin if the patient is diabetic ketoacidosis
or dialysis if the patient with kidney failure
126
How is respiratory alkalosis treated if it’s caused by hyperventilation
With rebreather mask so that CO2 is re-inhaled
127
How is respiratory alkalosis treated if it is caused by panic
Patient may be given sedated to calm down or
breathing into paper back can also allow rebreathing of Co2
128
How is metabolic Alkalosis Treated
Restoring fluid to the body to a less alkaline state fluid and electrolytes
129
A solution that have the same asthma osmotic pressures icf
D5w Ns Lr
5% dextrose in .225 saline
ISOtonic
130
A solution that has a lower osmotic pressure then of body fluid
O.45% saline
Hypotonic
131
Solution that has a higher osmotic pressure than that of body fluid
10% dextrose in h20
3.0% saline
Dextrose in saline 5% in .45%
5% in 0.9
Hypertonic
132
Replace blood that has been lost through hemorrhage
Whole blood
133
Administrated for anemia or some other blood disorder or 2 or who cannot tolerate large volume of fluid very well soon as those w
Cornell disease or heart failure
Packed cell
134
Increase blood volume
As in shock
To provide protein and 2 treat disorders of coagulation
Plasma
135
In the treatment of shock to increase the volume of plasma
Plasma expanders
136
Low molecular-wt dextran
Albumin
Hespan
Plasmanate
Ex of plasma expander
