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Unit 1 Pharm / Med Surg > Chap 3 > Flashcards

Chap 3 Flashcards

1
Q

More than half of the body weight of human is

A

Water

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2
Q

The percentage of water in a infant body

A

72

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3
Q

The percentage of water and a older adult body

A

45

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4
Q

Women bodies have more water than men true or false

A

False

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5
Q

Where are the function of water one and two

A

A vehicle for transportation of substance to and from the cell

aid with heat regulation by providing perspiration which evaporates and cool the body

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6
Q

What are the function of water

three and four

A

Assist in maintenance of hydrogen balance in the body

serve as a medium for the enzymatic action of digestion

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7
Q

A vehicle for a transportation a substance to and from the cell

Aid heat regulation by providing perspiration which evaporates and cools the body

Assist in maintenance of hydrogen balance in the body

Serve as a medium for the enzymatic action of digestion

A

Function of water

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8
Q

Please describe distribution regulation of body fluid

A

Osmoreceptors

Baroreceptors

Adh

Aldosterone

Arterial natriuretic peptide

Brain natriuretic peptide

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9
Q

Osmoreceptors

Baroreceptors

Adh

Aldosterone

Arterial natriuretic peptide

Brain natriuretic peptide

A

Distribution and regulation of body fluid

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10
Q

In the hypothalamus sense the internal environment

Promote and take a fluid

A

Osmoreceptors

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11
Q

Released by the posterior pituitary controls how much fluid leaves the body in the urine

Cause reabsorption of H2O from the kidney tubules

A

Adh

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12
Q

In the carotid sinus & aortic arch

Detect pressure change that indicates in high or low in the blood volume

Sympathetic or parasympathetic nervous system to return the pressure to normal

A

Barorecptors

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13
Q

Regulates the reabsorption of water and sodium ion from the kidney tubules

A

Aldosterone

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14
Q

Anp & BNP are released from the____

The stretching of the stimulates the release of ANP and BNP to do what

A

Heart

Lower blood pressure

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15
Q

Come out lots of H2O and sodium ions from the kidney tubules causes vasodilation

A

BNP and anp

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16
Q

Is fluid within the cell 70%

of all fluid in our body

A

Intracellular

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17
Q

Is the fluid outside the cell 30% of all the fluid in our body

A

Extracellular

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18
Q

What are the source of water in the avenues of a h2o loss

How much is the average of each

A

Oral- 1500 mL urine

Food-800 mL perspiration

Metabolism-200 mL feces

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19
Q

Where are though 0SMORECPTOR located and what are their function

A

In the hypothalamus

Internal environment and takes a fluid we need it

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20
Q

What are some signs and symptoms that caused the release of antidiuretic hormone

A

Pain nausea and stress

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21
Q

When extra cellular fluid volume is low

or when sodium concentration is elevated what happens

A

The adrenal cortex release aldosterone

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22
Q

When the adrenal Cortex releases aldosterone this causes what

A

The reabsorption of sodium from the renal tubules

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23
Q

The RENIN-ANAGIOTENSIS-ALDOSTERONE System regulates

A

The release of aldosterone

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24
Q

____ is released when the blood flows to the kidney is____

A

Renin

Decreased

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25
Q

How ANP helps to protect the body from fluid overload

And what do it do to the heart

A

By increasing sodium excretion

released by atria of the heart by the stretching of the heart to decrease fluid volume

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26
Q

By increasing sodium excretion released by atria heart By the stretching of the heart to decrease fluid volume

A

Is how anp helps to protect the body from fluid overload

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27
Q

Where does the exchange of nutrients and waste take place

A

In the interstitial space-between the tissue

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28
Q

By which substance move across the membrane until they are evenly distributed in the available space

Substance move from a high to low concentration until the concentration on both sides of the membrane is equal occurs in the lung movement down a concentration

A

Diffusion

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29
Q 
Glucose
 oxygen 
carbon dioxide 
water
 other small ions molecules
Osmosis 
isotonic
 hypertonic 
hypotonic 
filtration
A

Stop this is why ways of diffusion

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30
Q

Movement of pure solvent across the membrane water moves by

this process takes place through a

A

Osmosis

Semi permeable membrane

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31
Q

When living cells are surrounded by a solution that has the SAME concentration of particles the water passage ration of ICS and ECF it will be equal

A

Isotonic

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32
Q

If the cell are on the by a solution that has a greater concentration of solute than the cell of H2O in the cell will move to the more concentrated solution

the cell will be dehydrated and shrink CRENATION

A

Hypertonic

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33
Q

If the cell are surrounded by solution that has less solute than the cell in the would burst

Hemolysis

A

Hypotonic

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34
Q

Movement of water and solute through a semipermeable membrane membrane as a result of pushing force on one side of the membrane

A

Filtration

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35
Q

What areas of the body does filtration occurs

A

In the kidney where wasters substance and excess water are eliminated

In the heart as well because of hydrostatic pressure

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36
Q

May Move substance from an area of Laura concentration to an area of higher concentration

Requires energy which can move molecules into cell regardless of their electrical charge or concentration already in the cell

A

Active transport

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37
Q

The mechanism by which sodium and potassium or move into or out of the cell through active transport

A

Sodium/potassium pump

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38
Q

Impaired swallowing
Extreme weakness

disorientation/COMA

Unability of water patients to have lost it says amount of fluid from vomiting

Diarrhea 
burns 
diaphoresis
 excessive diuretic therapy
Hemorrhage
A

Cause of fluid volume deficit

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39
Q 
Thirst 
 poor skin turgor
Deep mucous membrane
Increase heart rate 
Weight loss
 confusion
 increase hematocrit of  less solution more solute

Increased bun kidneys try to retain all of the water retaining waste product as well

Increase serum sodium

Increased sodium osmolarity
Oilguria

A

S/s fluid volume deficit

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40
Q

What is the most accurate measurement of fluid gains or losses

A

Weight 2.2 pounds = 1 kg in 24 hours and the indicates gain or loss of 1 L of fluid

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41
Q

What are some other problems that can occur with fluid volume deficit

A

Constipation

orthostatic hypotension

prone to infection a

Furrowed dry tongue

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42
Q

What is the orthostatic air postural hypotension

A

Blood pressure that falls what position change from supine to sitting or standing

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43
Q

Includes the patient’s preference for liquids for

example fruit juice
and any other nutritious liquid tolerated
and bouillon

A

Fluid volume deficit intervention

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44
Q

Have a patient lay down or turn his head to one side

or have the patient’s neck and lower his head between his leg

use a cold damp washcloth and wipe the patient face in the back of the neck

provide mouth care after the episode

if nausea and vomiting persist observe for dehydration

A

Nausea/vomiting intervention

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45
Q

Provide physical and mental rest prevent unnecessary loss of water and nutrients protect the rectal mucosa and eventually replace lost of fluid

A

Diarrhea intervention

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46
Q

What can happen if the patient IV fluid administered to fast signs and symptoms

A

Fluid volume excess= water toxicity
Fluid in the lungs
Wet lung sounds
JVD etc.

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47
Q

Avoid concurrent alcohol ingestion or other CNS depressant

Which is a

A

Hydroxyzine

Depressant

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48
Q 
Hydroxyzine
Promethazine 
Prochlorperazine maleate
Ondansetron
Metoclopramide
A

Common antiemetic

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49
Q

Common antiemetic

A 
Hydroxyzine
Promethazine 
Prochlorperazine maleate
Ondansetron
Metoclopramide
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50
Q

Commonly prescribed anti-diarrheal and teaching

A 
Diphenoxylate atropine 
Loperamide hcl 
Kaolin pectin
Bismuth subslicylaye
Camphorated opium tincture
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51
Q 
Diphenoxylate atropine 
Loperamide hcl 
Kaolin pectin
Bismuth subslicylaye
Camphorated opium tincture
A

anti-diarrheal

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52
Q

Which electrolytes lost During diarrhea is needed by the body to prevent alkalosis

A

Potassium

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53
Q

What are some of the infection agent that cause diarrhea

A 
Almonella
C.diff
E.coli 
Fecal impaction
Irritable bowel syndrome 
Tumor
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54
Q

What type of diet should be encourage for a patient with diarrhea and

what food should be avoided

A

Clear liquid diet then to bland liquid then to solid food of increase calories and High protein and High carbohydrate

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55
Q

What type of bowel sounds a little someone with diarrhea likely display

A

Gurgling

And tinkling sounds come in the waves and are hyperactive

56
Q

What are some of the nursing measures provided to patient that I have diarrhea

A

To provide physical and mental rest prevent unnecessary loss of water in nutrient

and protect the rectal mucosa replace lots of fluid

57
Q

Which apartment is first affected by excess fluid loss volume

A

Extracellular

58
Q

What is water intoxication

A

Receives more water than a excrete

59
Q

Which lab test can provide an accurate measurement for wire excess and circulatory overload

A

Hematocrit decrease
Urine concentration decrease
Been level and hemoglobin Decrease

60
Q

Promote loss of water and sodium ions from the kidney tubules and cause vasodilation

A

BNP & Anp

61
Q

What do hematocrit lab test measure

A

The % of rbc in a volume of whole blood

62
Q

What do the specific gravity measure

A

The concentration of solute in the urine both lower value will be lower

63
Q

What do bun measure

A

The amount of nitrogen in our blood that comes from Waste products urea

64
Q

What is urea made out of and where

A

When protein is broken down in our body

in the liver and passed out of our body in the urine

65
Q

What happens to the blood volume and blood pressure with fluid volume excess

A

hypervolemia may occur which can lead to CHF and pulmonary edema

66
Q

Excess blood volume

A

Hypervolemia

67
Q

Accumulation of freely moving interstitial fluid

A

Edema

68
Q

Fluid in A body cavity

Peritoneal or cranial

A

Generalized edema

Anasarca

69
Q

Usually non-pitting does not come and go often taught and shiny skin stretched over hard red area localized in the specific area

A

Localized edema

70
Q

Lymph build up in a area pt w mastectomy

A

Lymph edema

71
Q

In the feet ankle and lower extremities and sacral area and effect on gravity

A

Dependent Edema

72
Q

How can you treat dependent edema

A

By elevating the body part 18 inch above heart level and repositioning patient frequently

73
Q

What are the four general causes of edema

A

Increase in capillary hydrostatic pressure equal pushing

loss of plasma protein

Obstruction of lymphatic circulation

increase in capillary permeability

74
Q

What does the term third spacing mean

A

Went to much fluid moves from the intravascular space into the interstitial space it is non-functional ascites

75
Q

When you press fingertip against a patient swollen tissue it create a pit

It is measured by pressing pressing thumb into the skin at a bony prominence and hold for five seconds

Depending on how long the patient takes to go away assess the severity of the Edema

A

Pitting Edema How to measure it

76
Q

What are some other treatment that can be used for edema

A

Fluid volume restriction

Administering a diuretic

bed rest kidneys works best when lying supine

Ted nose and SED

Low sodium diet

77
Q

Concentration of the solution determined by the number of solute in it

A

Osmolarity

78
Q

___ Controls the water movement in the distribution of the body fluids in _____and_____ compartment

A

Osmolarity
intracellular
extracellular

79
Q

Maintain the osmolarity of icf

A

Potassium

80
Q

Controls the osmolarity of ECF

A

Sodium

81
Q

Are negatively charged ions

A

anions

82
Q

Are positively charged ions

A

Cations

83
Q

How do electrolytes create electrical impulse

A

Since electrolytes are electrically charged they are chemically activated

84
Q

What do you chemical activity allow

A

The creation of electrical impulse across the cell membrane

85
Q

What does chemical activity make it possible for

A

Transmission of nerve impulse contraction of the muscle and excretion of hormones and other substance from grandular cells

86
Q

Ca2+

A

8.4 – 10.6

87
Q

Mg +

A

1.3-2.1

88
Q

Po4-

A

3.0-4.5

89
Q

Cl-

A

96-106

90
Q

Hco3-

A

22-26

91
Q

Waste a test for CHVOSTEK

A

Tapping the facial nerve about an inch in front of the earlobe

a unlateral twitching of the face is positive calcium and magnesium deficit

92
Q

Chloride level below 95 MEQ. can occur with severe vomiting

A

Hypocholremia

93
Q

Call I level above 103MEQ

A

Hyperchloremia

94
Q

Phosphate level below 3.0

A

Hypophosphatemia

95
Q

Phosphate level above 4.5 commonly in Renal failure

A

Hyperphosphatemia

96
Q

Why test for trousseau

A

Place some blood pressure cuff on the arm

inflate above systolic pressure and hold for 3minutes

If spasms of hands occur the reaction is positive

97
Q

The normal PHO body fluid is

A

7.35- 7.45

98
Q

If PH is below 6.8 it is

If pH is above 7.8 it is

A

Acidosis and alkalosis

99
Q

Acidosis Is the result of an

A

Accumulation of acid or loss of bass

100
Q

What are the three mechanism used by the body to try to rebound the pH

A

Buffer pairs
the respiratory
and kidney

101
Q

Group of chemicals that absorbs excess acid or excess based circulating in the blood response to pH changing quickly

A

Buffer repairs

102
Q

Alter breathing rate and depth because of CO2 dissolves in the blood and combines with water and to form carbonic acid

A

Respiratory system

103
Q

Change the excretion rate of acid in the production and absorption of bio carbonated ions

A

Kidney

104
Q

What should the ratio of carbonated acid to bicarbonated be maintained the PH within normal limits

A

1 part of carbonic acid to 20 parts of bicarbonate

105
Q

Hyperventilation can lead to

A

Respiratory acidosis

106
Q

Hyperventilation can lead 2

A

Respiratory alkalosis

107
Q

When the kidney reabsorb or fail to eliminate enough bicarbonate were occurrs

A

Alkalosis

108
Q

If the kidney eliminate too much bicarbonate what occurs

A

Acidosis

109
Q

I may have a fruity order and the rapid breathing

Kussmal respiration
Diabetic ketoacidosis
Kidney failure

A

Metabolic acidosis

110
Q

Slow shallow respiration and decrease chest movement hypokalemia due to excreting hydrogen

A

Metabolic alkalosis

111
Q

The abgs

A 
Pao2
Paco2
Ph
Sao2
Hco3
Base exercise or deficit
112
Q

Partial pressure exerted by o2 in the arterial blood

A

80-100

Pao2

113
Q

Partial Pressure Of CO2 in the arterial blood

A

35 to 45

PaCO2

114
Q

Expression of the extent to with the blood is alkaline or is acid

A

PH

7.35-7.45

115
Q

Percentage of available hemoglobin that is saturated with oxygen

A

94 – 10 percent

SaO2

116
Q

Level of plasma bicarbonate increase makes the blood more alkaline

A

22-26

Hco3

117
Q

In the case the amount of blood buffer presents

alkalosis is present when this value is abnormally high

abnormally low value in the case is so acidosis

A

Base excess or deficit

118
Q

A pt w Copd would most likely develop respirator

Alk or acid

A

Acidosis

119
Q

How is respiratory acidosis treated

A

Establishment or maintenance of an airways o2 administration

120
Q

Acute problem such as airway obstruction

Pneumonia

Asthma and chest injuries

Pulmonary edema
Copd
Emphysema
W opiates use that depression the respiratory rate

A

Respiratory acidosis

121
Q

Excessive loss of blood bicarbonate ion from diarrhea,renal failure, diabetic keto acidosis hyperkalemia

A

Metabolic acidosis

122
Q

Anxiety
Increase fever
And overdose of aspirin

A

Respiratory alkalosis

123
Q

Vomiting extensive gastrointestinal suction

A

Metabolic alkalosis

124
Q

Excessive use of antacid w bicarbonate

A

Hypokalemia

125
Q

How is metabolic acidosis treated

A

Using insulin if the patient is diabetic ketoacidosis

or dialysis if the patient with kidney failure

126
Q

How is respiratory alkalosis treated if it’s caused by hyperventilation

A

With rebreather mask so that CO2 is re-inhaled

127
Q

How is respiratory alkalosis treated if it is caused by panic

A

Patient may be given sedated to calm down or

breathing into paper back can also allow rebreathing of Co2

128
Q

How is metabolic Alkalosis Treated

A

Restoring fluid to the body to a less alkaline state fluid and electrolytes

129
Q

A solution that have the same asthma osmotic pressures icf

D5w Ns Lr
5% dextrose in .225 saline

A

ISOtonic

130
Q

A solution that has a lower osmotic pressure then of body fluid

O.45% saline

A

Hypotonic

131
Q

Solution that has a higher osmotic pressure than that of body fluid

10% dextrose in h20
3.0% saline
Dextrose in saline 5% in .45%
5% in 0.9

A

Hypertonic

132
Q

Replace blood that has been lost through hemorrhage

A

Whole blood

133
Q

Administrated for anemia or some other blood disorder or 2 or who cannot tolerate large volume of fluid very well soon as those w

Cornell disease or heart failure

A

Packed cell

134
Q

Increase blood volume
As in shock
To provide protein and 2 treat disorders of coagulation

A

Plasma

135
Q

In the treatment of shock to increase the volume of plasma

A

Plasma expanders

136
Q

Low molecular-wt dextran
Albumin
Hespan
Plasmanate

A

Ex of plasma expander

Unit 1 Pharm / Med Surg (1 decks)

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