Chap 24: Disorders

Question 1

What is the prevalence of learning disorder and developmental disorders?

Answer 1

learning disorders: 10-15%
developmental disorders: 17% (in school-age children)

Question 2

What are the 6 classification of disorders ?

Answer 2

1. Motor disorder
2. Intellectual
3. ASD
4. ADHD
5. Specific learning
6. Communication disorder

Question 3

Describe motor disorders

Answer 3

• includes Tourettes, motor and vocal tic disorder, coordination disorder

Question 4

Describe intellectual disorders

Answer 4

• limitation to a person’s ability to learn at an expected level
• ex. cerebral palsy, hydrocephalus, fragile- X, FAS and down syndrome

Question 5

Describe communication disorders

Answer 5

• difficulty with language, speech or social communication
• ex. speech and sound disorder, fluency disorder or social communication disorder

Question 6

Describe ASD

Answer 6

• developmental abnormality, children diagnosed will typically avoid physical contact, have abnormal social development
• may have exceptional memory abilities

Question 7

Describe ADHD and the 2 diagnostic criteria

Answer 7

1. Impulsivity hyperactivity: fidgeting, not remaining seated, excessive talking, inability to play and take turns
   - related to brain damage, genetics, food allergies encephalitis, environment etc.
2. Inattention: avoiding tasks, distractibility, inability to pay attention, follow instructions, organize or finish work

Question 8

Describe specific learning disorders

Answer 8

Reading: difficulty with letter-identification, phonological skills, grapheme association, sequencing or short-term memory
Mathematical: difficulty with number sense, fact and calculation or mathematical reasoning

Question 9

What are the 2 types of reading ?

Answer 9

1. Phonological
   - using phonemes to cue the meaning and pronunciation of the word
2. Graphemic (whole-word reading)
   - memorizing the whole word

Question 10

What are 4 causes of reading disabilities ?

Answer 10

1. phonological deficiency
2. Magnocellular visual theory
3. Attentional deficiency
4. motor deficiency

Question 11

Describe brain regions implicated in phonological Deficiency

Answer 11

• associated with regions of the left hemisphere,
• disrupting the sensory and auditory pathways

Question 12

Describe Magnocellular Deficiency

Answer 12

• impairments in the magnocellular area of the visual system
• words ‘move’ on the page

Question 13

Describe Attentional Deficiency

Answer 13

• deficit in parietal lobe association areas that integrate sensory information and initiate movement
• difficulty directing attention to relevant cues

Question 14

Describe Motor Deficiency

Answer 14

• deficit in rapid attentional shifts, related to cerebellum function