Chap 21: Spatial Behavior

Question 1

What is happiness ?

Answer 1

1. pleasure
2. absence/lack of negative emotions

Question 2

What brain areas are important for hapiness

Answer 2

1. Basal ganglia
2. Amygdala
3. Frontal cortex
4. Anterior cingulate cortex

Question 3

What is the result of parietal lobe lesions ?

Answer 3

deficit in the notion of right/left, north/south, east/west etc

Question 4

What are the 4 kinds of space ?

Answer 4

1. Body space
   - objects that come in contact with the body like clothes and various objects
2. Grasping space
   - immediate surroundings
3. Distal space
   - the space in which the body travels
4. Time space
   - dimensions of past, present and future

Question 5

What is topographic memory ?

Answer 5

moving from one place to another using points or object relationships as a reference

Question 6

What is topographic disorientation ?

Answer 6

Inability to find your way in space since there is deficit in identifying environmental cues

Question 7

What is dead reckoning ?

Answer 7

self-movement cues that are used to locate a present position and return to starting location

Question 8

What is egocentric disorientation ?

Answer 8

Inability to perceive objects and locations in relation to ones self

Question 9

What is heading disorientation ?

Answer 9

No sense of direction therefore, cant get themselves to the place they want to go
- result of posterior cingulate cortex injury

Question 10

What is landmark Agnosia/disorientation

Answer 10

Inability to use distinct environmental features or landmarks to orient ones self

Question 11

What is anterograde disorientation ?

Answer 11

Inability to learn about unfamiliar objects by looking at them

Question 12

What are the 3 positioning brain cells ?

Answer 12

1. Place
2. Head
3. Grid

Question 13

Describe place cells

Answer 13

place cells: discharge for specific locations of audio, visual, olfactory etc stimuli

Question 14

Describe head cells

Answer 14

Head cells: discharge when animal faces a certain direction

Question 15

Describe grid cells

Answer 15

Grid cells: discharge to divide the environment into grids based on cues in the environment

Question 16

What do imaging studies suggest about tax drivers ?

Answer 16

• large hippocampal areas, increasing with experience (initial route planning)
• increased function of prefrontal cortex for spontaneous route planning (ex. route diversion)

Question 17

How does frontal lobe damage affect spatial navigation?

Answer 17

Produces deficit in organized movement, cannot direct eye to target thus impairing reaching, grabbing etc.