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Biology 30 > Chap 20: Molecular Genetics > Flashcards

Chap 20: Molecular Genetics Flashcards

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1
Q

Where is DNA found?

A

mitochondria and chloroplasts

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2
Q

Why is DNA important?

A

it carries genetic information in cells.
can duplicate itself, allowing cell division.

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3
Q

Which side do the organelles come from?

A

Maternal

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4
Q

Every cell has DNA EXCEPT

A

red blood cell

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5
Q

How does DNA replicate itself?

A

using RNA primers

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6
Q

What is mRNA used as a messenger for?

A

protein synthesis

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7
Q

What does DNA code for?

A

amino acids

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8
Q

What is Chargaff’s Rule?

A
  • nitrogenous bases make up the “steps” or “rungs” in the DNA ladder.
  • nitrogenous bases are not in equal amounts.
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9
Q

took pictures of DNA (double helix) using x-rays. mixed DNA with water to find nitrogenous bases on the inside and the sugar/phosphate outside.

A

Rosalind Franklin

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10
Q

expert in crystallizing DNA

A

Maurice Wilkins

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11
Q

produced a structural model of DNA

A

Watson & Crick

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12
Q

What forms the backbones in DNA?

A

sugar and phosphate

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13
Q

What forms the rungs in DNA?

A

nitrogenous bases

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14
Q

What are the bonds in DNA made of?

A

hydrogen bonds

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15
Q

What makes a nucleotide?

A

deoxyribose, phosphate, nitrogenous base

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16
Q

What does antiparallel mean?

A

parallel strands but run in opposite directions

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17
Q

What is semi-conservative DNA?

A

consists of one strand of old DNA and one strand of newly synthesized DNA

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18
Q

What does helicase do?

A

it unzips the double helix by breaking the hydrogen bonds between the bases.

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19
Q

What do single-stranded binding proteins do?

A

they bind to the newly exposed DNA strands preventing the hydrogen bonds from re-forming and keeps the strands apart.

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20
Q

Where does helicase begin unzipping the double helix?

A

at the replication origin.

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21
Q

How does DNA polymerase know where the starting point is?

A

an RNA primer is attached to the template and guides the enzyme to the starting point.

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22
Q

What does DNA polymerase do?

A

it adds complementary nucleotides to the growing strands, using the exposed strands of the parent DNA as a template.

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23
Q

In what direction is DNA built?

A

5 prime to 3 prime.

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24
Q

How is the leading strand built?

A

continuously. 5 prime to 3 prime.

25
Q

How is the lagging strand built?

A

formed in short fragments starting from an RNA primer.

26
Q

Why are RNA primers not in DNA?

A

because the DNA polymerase cuts out the RNA primers and replaces them with appropriate DNA nucleotides.

27
Q

What glues the nucleotides together?

A

an enzyme called ligase.

28
Q

What is a replication fork?

A

the point at which the two strands of DNA are separated to allow replication for each strand.

29
Q

What are proteins made of?

A

they are made of a long chain of specific sequences of amino acids.

30
Q

What two major steps need to happen to make proteins?

A

transcription and translation

31
Q

What is transcription?

A

it transcribes the DNA into mRNA

32
Q

What is translation?

A

code is translated into proteins

33
Q

Why is RNA different from DNA?

A

RNA leaves the nucleus
the backbone is ribose
it has uracil instead of thymine
its single-stranded

34
Q

Why do we need to make proteins?

A

structure, hormones, storage, repair

35
Q

Who proposed the “Central Dogma”?

A

Crick

36
Q

What is the “Central Dogma”?

A

its a theory that states that genetic information flows only in one direction, from DNA to RNA, to protein, or RNA directly to protein.

37
Q

How is the DNA code transcripted?

A

mRNA reads DNA code and carries the code to cytoplasm (ribosomes) where proteins are made

38
Q

What is a codon?

A

they are three bases that code for one amino acidd

39
Q

What happens in the initiation stage of transcription?

A

RNA polymerase binds to the promotor, then the RNA polymerase separates the DNA strands

40
Q

What is a sense strand?

A

the side that is to be copied

41
Q

What happens in the elongation stage of transcription?

A

the sense strand acts as a template, and the polymerase builds an RNA molecule - which is the same except with uracil.

42
Q

What happens in the termination stage of transcription?

A

the stop signals and then they release the single-strand mRNA.

43
Q

Where does the mRNA go after transcription?

A

it moves to a ribosome in the cytoplasm

44
Q

What happens in the initiation stage of translation?

A

subunits join around mRNA and complete it. AUG starts protein synthesis.

45
Q

What happens in the elongation stage of translation?

A

the tRNA side contains an anti-codon that matches with the mRNA codon. they are joined by peptide bonds.

46
Q

What happens in the termination stage of translation?

A

a terminator codon turns off the translation.

47
Q

How does tRNA work?

A

it has a cloverleaf 3-D structure that includes one end holding a specific amino acid and another end with the anti-codon that complements the codon on mRNA

48
Q

What is a gene?

A

a code for specific proteins made of many amino acids

49
Q

What is a genome?

A

the complete set of genes in an organism

50
Q

Which mutations are not inherited?

A

somatic mutations

51
Q

Which mutations are inherited

A

germ line mutations

52
Q

What is phylogeny?

A

the proposed evolutionary history of a species

53
Q

What is a mutagen?

A

any agent that causes genetic mutations

54
Q

Gene splicing/engineering

A

genetic information from one organism is cut out into the chromosome of another.

55
Q

What do restriction enzymes (endonucleases) do?

A

they cut DNA at specific nucleotide sequences.

56
Q

What does transgenic mean?

A

change in genes - usually from another species.

57
Q

What is genetic screening?

A

testing parents before conception

58
Q

What is amniocentesis?

A

sampling amniotic fluid

59
Q

Gene therapy (recombinant DNA)

A

adding proper gene if its defective or missing

Biology 30 (3 decks)

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