Chap 2 Vitamins & Minerals Flashcards
Under special circumstances, vitamins & minerals supplement are required for a person’s optimum health and function. List FIVE (5) indications for vitamins & minerals supplement. Provide ONE (1) example for each indication.
Inadequate diet - anorexia, weight loss, alcholism, poor eating habit
Malabsoption syndromes - chronic GI disorders or illness that results in chronic diarrhea
Increased need for certain nutrient - pregnancy, lactation, older adults, illness
Deficiency due to medication interection - potassium deficiency with the use of diuretics
Deficiency due to disease state - HIV/AIDS, liver cirrhosis, kidney failure
Under special circumstances, vitamin and minerals supplements are required for a person’s optimal function and health. List TWO (2) pharmacological functions for each of the vitamins below : A, D,E, K, B3, B9, B12, C
(i) Vitamin B3
- Treatment of pellagra
Treatment of vascular disorder such as arteriosclerosis
(ii) Vitamin B9
- Pregnant women to prevent neural tube defects in the newborn.
- Anemia
(iii) Vitamin C
- Treatment of scurvy
- Hemodialysis patient
(iv) Vitamin D
- To prevent or treat rickets and osteomalacia
- To manage hypocalcemia in renal disease and parathyroid malfunction
(v) Vitamin E
- Management of early Alzheimer’s disease
- Possibly slowing the progress of dementia symptoms such as memory loss
Vitamin A :
-Liver disease
- Hypothyroidism
Vitamin K:
-Serious bleeding disorder related to vitamin K deficiency
- Infants at birth to prevent hemorrhagic disease of the newborn
Vitamin B12:
- B12 deficiency anemia
- Vegan
List the symptoms of overdose for each of the vitamins below : A, D, E, K, B12, B3, C
A : Irritability, headache insomnia
Anorexia, nausea, diarrhea, jaundice
Joint pain, myalgia
D: Anorexia, nausea, weight loss
Muscle or bone pain
Kidney damage and kidney stone formation
E: Bleeding in patients who are vitamin K deficiency or on anticoagulants
K: Jaundice in infant
B12: Diarrhea
B3:
Headache, flushing and burning sensation of face & neck
Jaundice
Nausea, vomiting
C:
Heartburn, abdominal cramps, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea
Increase uric acid level that may precipitate gout
Increase urinary calcium that may precipitate kidney stone formation
List the symptoms of overdose for each of the minerals listed below: Potassium, Iron, Zinc, Calcium,
Potassium:
Hyperkalemia causing the fall of blood pressure and cardiac arrest
Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea
GI bleeding or abdominal pain
Iron:
Lethargic
Shock
Zinc:
Nausea and vomiting
Calcium:
Myocardinal infraction
Under special circumstances, vitamin and minerals supplements are required for a person’s optimal function and health. List TWO (2) pharmacological functions for each of the minerals below : Iron, Zinc, potassium, calcium
Potassium
- Potassium Chloride (KCL) given through IV for severe dehydration
Iron
- Treatment of anemia due to iron deficiency
Zinc
- Oral administration of zinc supplement for wound healing
- Topical administration of zinc to improve wound healing
Calcium
- Pregnancy and lactation
- Postmenopausal women
- Hypoparathyroidism
List the cautions for each of the vitamins below : A, D,E, K, B3, B12, C
A : Long term use of large dose of vitamin A is contraindication for pregnant women
Fetal malformation may occur following maternal digestion of large doses of vit A
D: not to exceed the RDA with cardiovascular disorder, kidney disease, pregnancy and lactation
E: Vitamin E supplement should be taken at the lowest dosage necessary and especially while on anticoagulant therapy because of bleeding (cerebral hemorrhage)
K : Severe allergy reactions may occur with IV injection
B12: Megadoses may mask the symptoms of folic acid deficiency
Cause complications in those with gout and cardiac problem
B3: Not for patient with liver disease and diabetes
C: Should not be taken with antacids because the alkaline compound neutralizes vitamin C
Large quantity of vitamin C supplement should be avoided unless prescribed by physician
List the caution for each of the minerals below :Potassium, iron, zinc, calcium
Potassium :
Potassium supplement should be cautiously used with cardiac disease, renal impairment and gastric ulcer
Iron:
Iron supplement should not be administered without confirming a diagnoses of deficiency
Zinc :
Caution taking supplement without established need
Calcium :
Supplement should be used cautiously with cardiac and renal disease
As a dietician, what advice would you give patients on dietary supplements
1) Natural” does not always mean safe.
2) Check with health care professional or a dietician about any nutrients you may need in addition to your regular diet.
3)Let health care providers (including doctors, pharmacists, and dietitians) advise on which dietary supplements that may be needed based on patient’s overall health
4) Be skeptical about unreliable information from personal “testimonials” about incredible benefits or results obtained from using a product.
5) Be aware of the side effects, and signs of overdose/ toxicity.
6) Do not take supplement more than the recommended amount listed on the label. - Vitamin and mineral in excess of the RDA can cause serious health problem
7) A well-balanced diet is the priority in order to obtain vitamins, minerals and other nutrients from natural sources.
8) Do not use dietary supplement to substitute proper rest and nutrition. A balanced diet is necessary for good health
9) All dietary supplements should carry an expiration date, manufacturer’s name, address and phone number. Products should be avoided if lack of this information.
10) Do not take dietary supplement without established need or without medical supervision especially mega doses of fat-soluble vitamins and iron.
List 2 reasons vitamin A supplements are necessary
Liver diesease & hypothyroidism
List the interections that occur with vit D, E, B12?
D: may occur with digoxin if overdose
E: excessive use of mineral oil may decrease absorption of vit E
B9: interfere the action of Phenytoin
List the symptoms of overdose for vit A
Aneroxia, Nausea, joint pain, jaundice
List the symptoms of overdose for Vit D
Aneroxia, Nausea, kidney damage, muscle or bone pain
List the symptoms of overdose for vit B12
Diarrhea
List the symptoms of overdose for Vit B3 (niacin)
- nausea, vomitting, jaundice
List the symptoms of overdose for vit C
-Heartburn, abdominal cramps, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea
-Increase uric acid level that may precipitate gout
-Increase urinary calcium that may precipitate kidney stone formation
