Chap 2 - Human Body Systems Flashcards
Tissue
collections of similar cells and the substances surrounding them
What are the four primary tissue types?
Epithelium, connective, nervous and muscular
Epithelium
forms the internal and external linings of various organs and is usually involved in diffusion, filtration, secretion and absorption.
Connective tissue
connects and binds cells and other tissue together
Cartilage
tissue the let’s the body spring back when compressed. made up of collagen, proteoglycans and water.
Bone
a hard, calcified connective tissue that forms the internal structure of the body and protect it’s vital organs. permits movement, storage and maintenance of chemical levels. store minerals like calcium and phosphate and fats for cellular energy production
Blood
compose of red and white blood cells, platelets, lymph, plasma and water. 45% consists of platelets and red and white blood cells. Remainder is plasma.
Red blood cells
also called erythrocytes, contains hemoglobin that carries oxygen
White blood cells
also called leukocytes, destroy and remove old cells ad cellular debris and attack foreign or infectious agents
Nervous tissue
respond to stimuli and transmits impulses throughout the body. Composed of neurons and neuralgia.
Neurons
conductive cells composed of dendrites and axons
Neuralgia
support cells or nervous tissue
Dendrites
convey impulses towards the cell body
Axion
convey impulses away from the cell body
KIdney
the body’s filtration system
Body system
group of organs that operate together to carry out a bodily function
How many bones in the human skeleton
206
Axial skeleton
includes the bones of the head and trunk
Appendicular skeleon
includes bones of the upper and lower limbs along with the shoulder and hip bones
skull has two types of bones
cranial and facial
Cranial bones
protect and enclose the brain
Facial bones
provide framework for face and mouth
Cranium is made up of what bones?
8 bones: 1 x frontal, 2 x parietal, 2 x temporal, occipital, sphenoid and ethmoid
Spinal column has how many bones?
26
Spinal column
connects the face and skull to rest of the body and is made up of the cervical spine, thoracic spine, lumbar spine, sacrum, and coccyx
Cervical vertebrae
comprised of the first 7 vertebrae below the skull C1-C7
Thoracic vertebrae
12 vertebrae inferior to the cervical vertebrae and superior to the lumbar vertebrae
Lumbar vertebrae
5 vertebrae inferior to lumbar vertebrae and superior to sacrum
Sacrum
5 fused vertebrae inferior to lumbar vertebrae and superior to coccyx vertebrae
Coccyx
4 fused vertebrae inferior to the sacrum
How many ribs
12 pairs
Sternum
chest bone with 7 pairs of ribs attached directly with 5 pairs being false ribs not directly attached
Xiphoid process
inferior part of the sternum that connects the diaphragm
Scapulae
connects the upper arm to the rest of the body along with the clavical
Shoulder girdle
scapulae and clavical connecting the upper arm to the rest of the body
Clavical
mainly acts as a brace holding the scapulae and the arms up and away from the ribs. Also enables people to raise their hands
Humerous
only bone in the upper arm connected to the radius and ulna
Radius
posterior to the ulna allowing the arm to twist from side to side
Ulna
interior to the radius allowing the arm to twist from side to side
Carpuls
known as the wrist bones at the end of the radius and ulna
Metacarpals
bones making up the hand
Phalanges
3 bones making up the fingers
Pelvis
provides support for the body’s internal organs
Ilium
flaring sides of the pelvis
Ischium
2 ring shaped portions anterior to the hip sockets
Femur
upper leg bone connected to the pelvis and tibia and fibula
Tibia
anterior to the Fibula. lower leg bone
Fibula
Posterior to the tibia. lower leg bone
Petella
kneecap
Tarsals
bones forming half the foot
Calcaneus
bones forming the heal
Talus
bones connecting the foot with the tibia and fibula
Metatarsals
foot bones
Cartilage
helps give skeletal system its shape. it’s a dense connective tissue composed of cells called chondrocytes dispersed in a firm gel-like ground substance called matriz
Avascular
without blood
Muscular system
largest body system
How many muscles of the skull?
over 40
Why are muscles unique?
they can contract
Motor unit
contains from 2 to 2,000 muscle fibers
The three types of muscles?
skeletal, smooth and cardiac
Skeletal muscle
strongest, lengthiest and hardest working tissue in the body. known as striated muscle tissue because of the way it cris-crosses over each fiber. the only voluntary muscle fiber
Smooth muscle
involuntary and commonly found in hollow organs functioning to propel objects. stomach and intestins
Cardiac muscle
found only in the heart. is striated and involentary
Central nervous system
CNS consists of the brain and the spinal cord. command system of the NS that interprets incoming signals and responds to these signals based on past experiences, reflexes and current conditions
Peripheral nervous system
PNS consists of the nerves extending from the CNS called the cranial and spinal nerves that serve as the communication link between the body and the CNS.
Sensory nerve fibers
part of the PNS that carry impulses to the CNS from sensory receptors. the two types are somatic and visceral
Somatic afferents
convey sensory information from skin, skeletal muscles and joints
Visceral afferents
convey impulses from the visceral organs
Motor
transports messages from the CNS to organs, muscles, and glands and is divided into two parts: Somatic nervous system and Parasympathetic nervous system
Somatic nervous system
voluntary nervous system
Parasympathetic nervous system
involuntary nervous system
Two main types of nervous system cells?
neurons and supporting cells
Myelin sheath
insulating layer of cells along the axon
Telodendria branlets
branches of axons at the end of the axon
synaptic knobs
the ends of the telodendria branlets
Synapses
gaps between the synaptic knobs
Neurotransmitters
what is used to relay messages to other cells
Reflexes come from?
spinal cord
What are the three divisions of the brain?
brain stem, cerebellum and cerebrum
Brain stem
core of most life systems commands - vital functions that are not consciously controlled
Cerebellum
Controls balance and muscle coordination
Cerebral cortex
where conscious thought takes place
Right brain
artistic side
Left brain
logical side
Corpus callosum
connects the right and left hemispheres of the brain
Cardiovascular system
Controls a single function, blood circulation
The heart is divided into what four chambers?
left and right atria and the left and right ventricles
Septum
what divides the left and right sides of the heart
Circulatory system
the heart first pumps blood to the lungs for oxygen. the heart then funnels the blood throughout the body via a series of arteries and veins. while arteries carry oxygenated blood from the heart to the body, veins return the oxygen-depleted blood to the heart
Plasma
mixture of glucose and water
platelets
cells necessary for blood clotting
What is the order at which blood moves through the heart?
during the systolic phase of the heartbeat, deoxygenated blood from the superior and inferior vena cava enters the heart though the right atrium. the blood is then pumped past the tricuspid valve into the right ventricle. this blood is then pumped out past the pulmonary semilunar valve via the pulmonary trunk to the pulmonary artery and to the lungs. the now oxygenated blood returns to the heart via the pulmonary veins into the left atrium, past the mitral valve and into the left ventricle. finally the oxygenated blood is pumped past the aortic semilunar valve and into the aorta, which sends the blood throughout the body.
Right atrium
portion of the heart that receives oxygenated blood from the superior and inferior vena cava
Superior vena cava
receives deoxygenated blood from the head, thorax and upper limbs and empties it into the right atrium
Inferior vena cava
receives deoxygenated blood from the lower body and empties it into the left atrium
Right atrium
receives deoxygenated blood from the inferior and superior vena cava’s, then pumping it into the right ventricle via the tricuspid valve
Arteries
carry oxygenated blood
Veins
carry deoxygenated blood
Systolic phase
atriums relax while the ventricles contract
Diastole phase
atriums contract while the ventricles relax
Pulmonary artery
only arty in the body that transports deoxygenated blood
Capillaries
smallest blood vessel
