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5890-Medical, Functional Aspects of Disability > Chap 2 - Human Body Systems > Flashcards

Chap 2 - Human Body Systems Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

Tissue

A

collections of similar cells and the substances surrounding them

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2
Q

What are the four primary tissue types?

A

Epithelium, connective, nervous and muscular

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3
Q

Epithelium

A

forms the internal and external linings of various organs and is usually involved in diffusion, filtration, secretion and absorption.

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4
Q

Connective tissue

A

connects and binds cells and other tissue together

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5
Q

Cartilage

A

tissue the let’s the body spring back when compressed. made up of collagen, proteoglycans and water.

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6
Q

Bone

A

a hard, calcified connective tissue that forms the internal structure of the body and protect it’s vital organs. permits movement, storage and maintenance of chemical levels. store minerals like calcium and phosphate and fats for cellular energy production

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7
Q

Blood

A

compose of red and white blood cells, platelets, lymph, plasma and water. 45% consists of platelets and red and white blood cells. Remainder is plasma.

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8
Q

Red blood cells

A

also called erythrocytes, contains hemoglobin that carries oxygen

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9
Q

White blood cells

A

also called leukocytes, destroy and remove old cells ad cellular debris and attack foreign or infectious agents

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10
Q

Nervous tissue

A

respond to stimuli and transmits impulses throughout the body. Composed of neurons and neuralgia.

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11
Q

Neurons

A

conductive cells composed of dendrites and axons

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12
Q

Neuralgia

A

support cells or nervous tissue

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13
Q

Dendrites

A

convey impulses towards the cell body

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14
Q

Axion

A

convey impulses away from the cell body

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15
Q

KIdney

A

the body’s filtration system

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16
Q

Body system

A

group of organs that operate together to carry out a bodily function

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17
Q

How many bones in the human skeleton

A

206

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18
Q

Axial skeleton

A

includes the bones of the head and trunk

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19
Q

Appendicular skeleon

A

includes bones of the upper and lower limbs along with the shoulder and hip bones

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20
Q

skull has two types of bones

A

cranial and facial

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21
Q

Cranial bones

A

protect and enclose the brain

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22
Q

Facial bones

A

provide framework for face and mouth

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23
Q

Cranium is made up of what bones?

A

8 bones: 1 x frontal, 2 x parietal, 2 x temporal, occipital, sphenoid and ethmoid

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24
Q

Spinal column has how many bones?

A

26

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25
Q

Spinal column

A

connects the face and skull to rest of the body and is made up of the cervical spine, thoracic spine, lumbar spine, sacrum, and coccyx

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26
Q

Cervical vertebrae

A

comprised of the first 7 vertebrae below the skull C1-C7

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27
Q

Thoracic vertebrae

A

12 vertebrae inferior to the cervical vertebrae and superior to the lumbar vertebrae

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28
Q

Lumbar vertebrae

A

5 vertebrae inferior to lumbar vertebrae and superior to sacrum

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29
Q

Sacrum

A

5 fused vertebrae inferior to lumbar vertebrae and superior to coccyx vertebrae

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30
Q

Coccyx

A

4 fused vertebrae inferior to the sacrum

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31
Q

How many ribs

A

12 pairs

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32
Q

Sternum

A

chest bone with 7 pairs of ribs attached directly with 5 pairs being false ribs not directly attached

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33
Q

Xiphoid process

A

inferior part of the sternum that connects the diaphragm

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34
Q

Scapulae

A

connects the upper arm to the rest of the body along with the clavical

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35
Q

Shoulder girdle

A

scapulae and clavical connecting the upper arm to the rest of the body

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36
Q

Clavical

A

mainly acts as a brace holding the scapulae and the arms up and away from the ribs. Also enables people to raise their hands

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37
Q

Humerous

A

only bone in the upper arm connected to the radius and ulna

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38
Q

Radius

A

posterior to the ulna allowing the arm to twist from side to side

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39
Q

Ulna

A

interior to the radius allowing the arm to twist from side to side

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40
Q

Carpuls

A

known as the wrist bones at the end of the radius and ulna

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41
Q

Metacarpals

A

bones making up the hand

42
Q

Phalanges

A

3 bones making up the fingers

43
Q

Pelvis

A

provides support for the body’s internal organs

44
Q

Ilium

A

flaring sides of the pelvis

45
Q

Ischium

A

2 ring shaped portions anterior to the hip sockets

46
Q

Femur

A

upper leg bone connected to the pelvis and tibia and fibula

47
Q

Tibia

A

anterior to the Fibula. lower leg bone

48
Q

Fibula

A

Posterior to the tibia. lower leg bone

49
Q

Petella

A

kneecap

50
Q

Tarsals

A

bones forming half the foot

51
Q

Calcaneus

A

bones forming the heal

52
Q

Talus

A

bones connecting the foot with the tibia and fibula

53
Q

Metatarsals

A

foot bones

54
Q

Cartilage

A

helps give skeletal system its shape. it’s a dense connective tissue composed of cells called chondrocytes dispersed in a firm gel-like ground substance called matriz

55
Q

Avascular

A

without blood

56
Q

Muscular system

A

largest body system

57
Q

How many muscles of the skull?

A

over 40

58
Q

Why are muscles unique?

A

they can contract

59
Q

Motor unit

A

contains from 2 to 2,000 muscle fibers

60
Q

The three types of muscles?

A

skeletal, smooth and cardiac

61
Q

Skeletal muscle

A

strongest, lengthiest and hardest working tissue in the body. known as striated muscle tissue because of the way it cris-crosses over each fiber. the only voluntary muscle fiber

62
Q

Smooth muscle

A

involuntary and commonly found in hollow organs functioning to propel objects. stomach and intestins

63
Q

Cardiac muscle

A

found only in the heart. is striated and involentary

64
Q

Central nervous system

A

CNS consists of the brain and the spinal cord. command system of the NS that interprets incoming signals and responds to these signals based on past experiences, reflexes and current conditions

65
Q

Peripheral nervous system

A

PNS consists of the nerves extending from the CNS called the cranial and spinal nerves that serve as the communication link between the body and the CNS.

66
Q

Sensory nerve fibers

A

part of the PNS that carry impulses to the CNS from sensory receptors. the two types are somatic and visceral

67
Q

Somatic afferents

A

convey sensory information from skin, skeletal muscles and joints

68
Q

Visceral afferents

A

convey impulses from the visceral organs

69
Q

Motor

A

transports messages from the CNS to organs, muscles, and glands and is divided into two parts: Somatic nervous system and Parasympathetic nervous system

70
Q

Somatic nervous system

A

voluntary nervous system

71
Q

Parasympathetic nervous system

A

involuntary nervous system

72
Q

Two main types of nervous system cells?

A

neurons and supporting cells

73
Q

Myelin sheath

A

insulating layer of cells along the axon

74
Q

Telodendria branlets

A

branches of axons at the end of the axon

75
Q

synaptic knobs

A

the ends of the telodendria branlets

76
Q

Synapses

A

gaps between the synaptic knobs

77
Q

Neurotransmitters

A

what is used to relay messages to other cells

78
Q

Reflexes come from?

A

spinal cord

79
Q

What are the three divisions of the brain?

A

brain stem, cerebellum and cerebrum

80
Q

Brain stem

A

core of most life systems commands - vital functions that are not consciously controlled

81
Q

Cerebellum

A

Controls balance and muscle coordination

82
Q

Cerebral cortex

A

where conscious thought takes place

83
Q

Right brain

A

artistic side

84
Q

Left brain

A

logical side

85
Q

Corpus callosum

A

connects the right and left hemispheres of the brain

86
Q

Cardiovascular system

A

Controls a single function, blood circulation

87
Q

The heart is divided into what four chambers?

A

left and right atria and the left and right ventricles

88
Q

Septum

A

what divides the left and right sides of the heart

89
Q

Circulatory system

A

the heart first pumps blood to the lungs for oxygen. the heart then funnels the blood throughout the body via a series of arteries and veins. while arteries carry oxygenated blood from the heart to the body, veins return the oxygen-depleted blood to the heart

90
Q

Plasma

A

mixture of glucose and water

91
Q

platelets

A

cells necessary for blood clotting

92
Q

What is the order at which blood moves through the heart?

A

during the systolic phase of the heartbeat, deoxygenated blood from the superior and inferior vena cava enters the heart though the right atrium. the blood is then pumped past the tricuspid valve into the right ventricle. this blood is then pumped out past the pulmonary semilunar valve via the pulmonary trunk to the pulmonary artery and to the lungs. the now oxygenated blood returns to the heart via the pulmonary veins into the left atrium, past the mitral valve and into the left ventricle. finally the oxygenated blood is pumped past the aortic semilunar valve and into the aorta, which sends the blood throughout the body.

93
Q

Right atrium

A

portion of the heart that receives oxygenated blood from the superior and inferior vena cava

94
Q

Superior vena cava

A

receives deoxygenated blood from the head, thorax and upper limbs and empties it into the right atrium

95
Q

Inferior vena cava

A

receives deoxygenated blood from the lower body and empties it into the left atrium

96
Q

Right atrium

A

receives deoxygenated blood from the inferior and superior vena cava’s, then pumping it into the right ventricle via the tricuspid valve

97
Q

Arteries

A

carry oxygenated blood

98
Q

Veins

A

carry deoxygenated blood

99
Q

Systolic phase

A

atriums relax while the ventricles contract

100
Q

Diastole phase

A

atriums contract while the ventricles relax

101
Q

Pulmonary artery

A

only arty in the body that transports deoxygenated blood

102
Q

Capillaries

A

smallest blood vessel

5890-Medical, Functional Aspects of Disability (3 decks)

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