Chap 2 Flashcards by Sunshine Reyes

an extensive network of specialized cells that carry information to and from all parts of the body

Nervous system

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

the basic cell that makes up the nervous system and receives and sends messages within that system

Neuron

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

deals with the structure and function of
neurons, nerves, and nervous tissue – relationship to behavior and learning

Neuroscience

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Parts of Neuron

Dendrite
Soma
Axon

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

branch-like structures that receive
messages from other neurons

Dendrites

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

cell body of the neuron, responsible for maintaining the life of the cell

Soma

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

long, tube-like structure that carries the neural message to other cells

Axon

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Other types of brain cell

Myelin
Glial cells

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

are grey fatty cells that:
– provide support for the neurons to grow on
and around
– deliver nutrients to neurons
– produce myelin to coat axons

Glial cells

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

fatty substances produced by certain glial cells that coat the axons of
neurons to insulate, protect, and speed up the neural impulse
– clean up waste products and dead neurons

Myelin

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Neural impulse : Charged particles

Ions

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

the state of the neuron when not firing a neural impulse

Resting potential

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

the release of the neural impulse consisting of a reversal of the electrical charge within the axon
– allows positive sodium ions to enter the cell

Action potential

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

rounded areas at the end
of the branches at the end of the axon
– responsible for communicating with other nerve cells

Axon terminals

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

sack-like structures found inside the axon terminal containing chemicals

Synaptic Vesicles

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

chemical found in the synaptic vesicles which, when released, has an effect on the next cell

Neurotransmitter

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

microscopicfluid-filled space between the rounded areas on the end of the axon terminals of one cell and the dendrites or surface of the next cell

Synaptic gap

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

holesinthesurfaceofthe dendrites or certain cells of the muscles and glands, which are shaped to fit only certain neurotransmitters

Receptor sites

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

neurotransmitter
that causes the receiving cell to fire

Excitatory Neurotransmitter

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

neurotransmitter that causes the receiving cell to stop firing

inhibitory neurotransmitter

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

mimic or enhance the effects of a neurotransmitter on the receptor sites of the next cell, increasing or decreasing the activity of that cell

Agonist

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

block or reduce a cell’s response to the action of other chemicals or neurotransmitters

Antagonist

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

process by which neurotransmitters are taken back into the synaptic vesicles

Reuptake

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

complex protein that is manufactured by cells

Enzyme

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Nervous System is divided into two

Cns and Pns

Cns is divided into two

Brain and spinal cord

Pns is divided into two

Autonomic and Somatic NS

Autonomic is divided into two

Parasympathetic and sympathetic

Somatic is divided into two

Motor and sensory

Carries messages from senses to Cns

Sensory (afferent)

Carries messages from Cns to glands

Motor (efferent)

Maintains body functions under ordinary conditions

Parasympathetic

Prepares body to react and expend energy in times of stress

Sympathetic division

part of the nervous system consisting of the brain and spinal cord

Cns

long bundle of neurons that carries messages to and from the body to the brain that is responsible for very fast, lifesaving reflexes

Spinal cord

neuron that carries information from the senses to the central nervous system

Sensory neuron

neuron found in the center of the spinal cord that receives information from the sensory neurons and sends commands to the muscles through the motor neurons also make up the bulk of the neurons in the brain

Interneuron

Three types of neurons

Sensory Motor Interneuron Neuroplasticity

the ability to constantly change both the structure and function of cells in response to experience or trauma

Neuroplasticity

all nerves and neurons that are not contained in the brain and spinal cord but that run through the body itself

Peripheral ns

“Body”

Soma

division of the PNS consisting of nerves that carry information from the senses to the CNS and from the CNS to the voluntary muscles of the body

Somatic nervous system

nerves coming from the sensory organs to the CNS consisting of sensory neurons

Sensory pathway

nerves coming from the CNS to the voluntary muscles, consisting of motor neurons

Motor pathway

division of the PNS consisting of nerves that control all of the involuntary muscles, organs, and glands; sensory pathway nerves coming from the sensory organs to the CNS consisting of sensory neurons

ANS

fight-or-flight system): part of the ANS that is responsible for reacting to stressful events and bodily arousal

Sympathetic division

part of the ANS that restores the body to normal functioning after arousal and is responsible for the day-to-day functioning of the organs and glands

Parasympathetic

glands that secrete chemicals called hormones directly into the bloodstream

Endocrine glands

chemicals released into the bloodstream by endocrine glands

Hormones

:glandlocatedinthebrainthat secretes human growth hormone and influences all other hormone-secreting glands (also known as the master gland)

Pituitary gland

endocrineglandlocatednearthe base of the cerebrum that secretes melatonin

Pineal gland

endocrineglandfoundintheneck that regulates metabolism

Thyroid gland

endocrineglandthatcontrolsthe levels of sugar in the blood

Pancreas

thesexglands;secretehormonesthat regulate sexual development and behavior as well as reproduction

Gonads

endocrineglandslocatedontopof each kidney

Adrenal glands

insertion of a thin, insulated wire into the brain through which an electrical current is sent that destroys the brain cells at the tip of the wire

Deep lesioning

milder electrical current that causes neurons to react as if they had received a message

ESB

magnetic pulses are applied to the cortex using special copper wire coils that are positioned over the head

Tms

rtms

Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic stimulation

Tdcs

Transcranial direct current stimulation

Computed tomography

brain-imaging method using computer-controlled X-rays of the brain

brain- imaging method using radio waves and magnetic fields of the body to produce detailed images of the brain

MRI

Magnetic resonance imaging

records electric activity of the brain below specific areas of the skull

Electroencephalogram (EEG)

MEG

Magnetoencephalography

PET

Positron emission tomography

radioactive sugar is injected into the subject and a computer compiles a color-coded image of brain activity of the brain; lighter colors indicate more activity

PET

SPECT

single photon emission computed tomography

similar to PET, but uses different radioactive tracers

SPECT

A computer makes a sort of “movie” of changes in the activity of the brain using images from different time periods

Functional MRI

Parts of hindbrain

Medulla Cerebellum Pons Reticular Formation

first large swelling at the top of the spinal cord, forming the lowest part of the brain responsible for life-sustaining functions such as breathing, swallowing, and heart rate

Medulla

larger swelling above the medulla that connects the top of the brain to the bottom plays a part in sleep, dreaming, left–right body coordination, and arousal

Pons

area of neurons running through the middle of the medulla and the pons and slightly beyond § responsible for selective attention

part of the lower brain located behind the pons § controls and coordinates involuntary, rapid, fine motor movement

Cerebellum

Parts of lambic system (under cortex)

Hypothalamus Thalamus Hippocampus Amygdala Cingulate cortex

group of several brain structures located under the cortex and involved in learning, emotion, memory, and motivation

Limbic system

part of the limbic system located in the center of the brain § relays sensory information from the lower part of the brain to the proper areas of the cortex § processes some sensory information before sending it to its proper area

Thalamus

small structure in the brain located below the thalamus and directly above the pituitary gland § responsible for motivational behavior such as sleep, hunger, thirst, and sex

Hypothalamus

curved structure located within each temporal lobe responsible for the formation of long-term memories and the storage of memory for location of objects

Hippocampus

brain structure located near the hippocampus § responsible for fear responses and the memory of fear

Amygdala

the limbic structure actually found in the cortex § plays important roles in cognitive and emotional processing

Cingulate cortex

outermost covering of the brain consisting of densely packed neurons – responsible for higher thought processes and interpretation of sensory input

Cortex

Wrinkling of the cortex

Corticalization

the two sections of the cortex on the left and right sides of the brain

Cerebral hemispheres

thick band of neurons that connects the right and left cerebral hemispheres

Corpus callosum

Four lobes of the brain

Occipital Temporal Frontal Parietal

section of the brain located at the rear and bottom of each cerebral hemisphere containing the visual centers of the brain

Occipital PVC VAC

sections of the brain located at the top and back of each cerebral hemisphere containing the centers for touch, taste, and temperature sensations

Parietal lobes

area of neurons running down the front of the parietal lobes § responsible for processing information from the skin and internal body receptors for touch, temperature, body position, and possibly taste

Somatosensory cortex

areas of the cortex located just behind the temples containing the neurons responsible for the sense of hearing and meaningful speech

Temporal lobes PAC AAC

areas of the cortex located in the front and top of the brain; responsible for higher mental processes and decision making as well as the production of fluent speech

Frontal lobes MC

areas within each lobe of the cortex responsible for the coordination and interpretation of information, as well as higher mental processing

Association areas

condition resulting from damage to Broca’s area (usually in left frontal lobe) – causes the affected person to be unable to speak fluently, to mispronounce words, and to speak haltingly

Broca’s Aphasia

condition resulting from damage to Wernicke’s area (usually in left temporal lobe) – causes the affected person to be unable to understand or produce meaningful language

Wernicke’s Aphasia

condition produced by damage to the association areas of the right hemisphere – results in an inability to recognize objects or body parts in the left visual field

Spatial neglect

the upper part of the brain consisting of the two hemispheres and the structures that connect them

Cerebrum

study of patients with severed corpus callosum – involves sending messages to only one side of the brain – demonstrates right and left brain specialization

Split brain research

seems to control language, writing, logical thought, analysis, and mathematical abilities – processes information sequentially, and enables one to speak

Left side of brain

controls emotional expression, spatial perception, recognition of faces, patterns, melodies, and emotions – it processes information globally and cannot influence speech

Right side of brain

ADHD

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder