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Chap 2 Psych 100 > Chap 2 > Flashcards

Chap 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

an extensive network of specialized cells that carry information to and from all parts of the body

A

Nervous system

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2
Q

the basic cell that makes up the nervous system and receives and sends messages within that system

A

Neuron

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3
Q

deals with the structure and function of
neurons, nerves, and nervous tissue – relationship to behavior and learning

A

Neuroscience

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4
Q

Parts of Neuron

A

Dendrite
Soma
Axon

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5
Q

branch-like structures that receive
messages from other neurons

A

Dendrites

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6
Q

cell body of the neuron, responsible for maintaining the life of the cell

A

Soma

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7
Q

long, tube-like structure that carries the neural message to other cells

A

Axon

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8
Q

Other types of brain cell

A

Myelin
Glial cells

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9
Q

are grey fatty cells that:
– provide support for the neurons to grow on
and around
– deliver nutrients to neurons
– produce myelin to coat axons

A

Glial cells

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10
Q

fatty substances produced by certain glial cells that coat the axons of
neurons to insulate, protect, and speed up the neural impulse
– clean up waste products and dead neurons

A

Myelin

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11
Q

Neural impulse : Charged particles

A

Ions

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12
Q

the state of the neuron when not firing a neural impulse

A

Resting potential

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13
Q

the release of the neural impulse consisting of a reversal of the electrical charge within the axon
– allows positive sodium ions to enter the cell

A

Action potential

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14
Q

rounded areas at the end
of the branches at the end of the axon
– responsible for communicating with other nerve cells

A

Axon terminals

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15
Q

sack-like structures found inside the axon terminal containing chemicals

A

Synaptic Vesicles

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16
Q

chemical found in the synaptic vesicles which, when released, has an effect on the next cell

A

Neurotransmitter

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17
Q

microscopicfluid-filled space between the rounded areas on the end of the axon terminals of one cell and the dendrites or surface of the next cell

A

Synaptic gap

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18
Q

holesinthesurfaceofthe dendrites or certain cells of the muscles and glands, which are shaped to fit only certain neurotransmitters

A

Receptor sites

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19
Q

neurotransmitter
that causes the receiving cell to fire

A

Excitatory Neurotransmitter

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20
Q

neurotransmitter that causes the receiving cell to stop firing

A

inhibitory neurotransmitter

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21
Q

mimic or enhance the effects of a neurotransmitter on the receptor sites of the next cell, increasing or decreasing the activity of that cell

A

Agonist

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22
Q

block or reduce a cell’s response to the action of other chemicals or neurotransmitters

A

Antagonist

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23
Q

process by which neurotransmitters are taken back into the synaptic vesicles

A

Reuptake

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24
Q

complex protein that is manufactured by cells

A

Enzyme

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25
Q

Nervous System is divided into two

A

Cns and Pns

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26
Q

Cns is divided into two

A

Brain and spinal cord

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27
Q

Pns is divided into two

A

Autonomic and Somatic NS

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28
Q

Autonomic is divided into two

A

Parasympathetic and sympathetic

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29
Q

Somatic is divided into two

A

Motor and sensory

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30
Q

Carries messages from senses to Cns

A

Sensory (afferent)

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31
Q

Carries messages from Cns to glands

A

Motor (efferent)

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32
Q

Maintains body functions under ordinary conditions

A

Parasympathetic

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33
Q

Prepares body to react and expend energy in times of stress

A

Sympathetic division

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34
Q

part of the nervous system consisting of the brain and spinal cord

A

Cns

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35
Q

long bundle of neurons that carries messages to and from the body to the brain that is responsible for very fast, lifesaving reflexes

A

Spinal cord

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36
Q

neuron that carries information from the senses to the central nervous system

A

Sensory neuron

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37
Q

neuron found in the center of the spinal cord that receives information
from the sensory neurons and sends commands to the muscles through the motor neurons

also make up the bulk of the neurons in the brain

A

Interneuron

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38
Q

Three types of neurons

A

Sensory
Motor
Interneuron
Neuroplasticity

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39
Q

the ability to constantly change both the structure and function of cells in response to experience or trauma

A

Neuroplasticity

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40
Q

all nerves and neurons that are not contained
in the brain and spinal cord but that run through the body itself

A

Peripheral ns

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41
Q

“Body”

A

Soma

42
Q

division of the PNS consisting of nerves that carry information from the senses to the CNS and from the CNS to the voluntary muscles of the body

A

Somatic nervous system

43
Q

nerves coming from the sensory organs to the CNS consisting of sensory neurons

A

Sensory pathway

44
Q

nerves coming from the CNS to the voluntary muscles, consisting of motor neurons

A

Motor pathway

45
Q

division of the PNS consisting of nerves that control all of the involuntary muscles, organs, and glands; sensory pathway nerves coming from the sensory organs to the CNS consisting of sensory neurons

A

ANS

46
Q

fight-or-flight system): part of the ANS that is responsible for reacting to stressful events and bodily arousal

A

Sympathetic division

47
Q

part of the ANS that restores the body to normal functioning after arousal and is responsible for the day-to-day functioning of the organs and glands

A

Parasympathetic

48
Q

glands that secrete chemicals called hormones directly into the bloodstream

A

Endocrine glands

49
Q

chemicals released into the bloodstream by endocrine glands

A

Hormones

50
Q

:glandlocatedinthebrainthat secretes human growth hormone and influences all other hormone-secreting glands (also known as the master gland)

A

Pituitary gland

51
Q

endocrineglandlocatednearthe base of the cerebrum that secretes melatonin

A

Pineal gland

52
Q

endocrineglandfoundintheneck that regulates metabolism

A

Thyroid gland

53
Q

endocrineglandthatcontrolsthe levels of sugar in the blood

A

Pancreas

54
Q

thesexglands;secretehormonesthat regulate sexual development and behavior as well as reproduction

A

Gonads

55
Q

endocrineglandslocatedontopof each kidney

A

Adrenal glands

56
Q

insertion of a thin, insulated wire into the brain through which an electrical current is sent that destroys the brain cells at the tip of the wire

A

Deep lesioning

57
Q

milder electrical current that causes neurons to react as if they had received a message

A

ESB

58
Q

magnetic pulses are applied to the cortex using special copper wire coils that are positioned over the head

A

Tms

59
Q

rtms

A

Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic stimulation

60
Q

Tdcs

A

Transcranial direct current stimulation

61
Q

Ct

A

Computed tomography

62
Q

brain-imaging method using computer-controlled X-rays of the brain

A

CT

63
Q

brain- imaging method using radio waves and magnetic fields of the body to produce detailed images of the brain

A

MRI

64
Q

MRI

A

Magnetic resonance imaging

65
Q

records electric activity of the brain below specific areas of the skull

A

Electroencephalogram (EEG)

66
Q

MEG

A

Magnetoencephalography

67
Q

PET

A

Positron emission tomography

68
Q

radioactive sugar is injected into the subject and a computer compiles a color-coded image of brain activity of the brain; lighter colors indicate more activity

A

PET

69
Q

SPECT

A

single photon emission computed tomography

70
Q

similar to PET, but uses different radioactive tracers

A

SPECT

71
Q

A computer makes a sort of “movie” of changes in the activity of the brain using images from different time periods

A

Functional MRI

72
Q

Parts of hindbrain

A

Medulla
Cerebellum
Pons
Reticular Formation

73
Q

first large swelling at the top of the spinal cord, forming the lowest part of the brain

responsible for life-sustaining functions such as breathing, swallowing, and heart rate

A

Medulla

74
Q

larger swelling above the medulla that
connects the top of the brain to the bottom

plays a part in sleep, dreaming, left–right body coordination, and arousal

A

Pons

75
Q

area of neurons running through the middle of the medulla and the pons and slightly beyond

§ responsible for selective attention

A

Rf

76
Q

part of the lower brain located behind the pons
§ controls and coordinates involuntary, rapid, fine motor movement

A

Cerebellum

77
Q

Parts of lambic system (under cortex)

A

Hypothalamus
Thalamus
Hippocampus
Amygdala
Cingulate cortex

78
Q

group of several brain structures located under the cortex and
involved in learning, emotion, memory, and motivation

A

Limbic system

79
Q

part of the limbic system located in the center of the brain
§ relays sensory information from the lower part of the brain to the proper areas of the cortex
§ processes some sensory information before sending it to its proper area

A

Thalamus

80
Q

small structure in the brain located below the thalamus and directly above the pituitary gland
§ responsible for motivational behavior such as sleep, hunger, thirst, and sex

A

Hypothalamus

81
Q

curved structure located within each temporal lobe

responsible for the formation of long-term memories and the storage of memory for location of objects

A

Hippocampus

82
Q

brain structure located near the
hippocampus
§ responsible for fear responses and the memory of fear

A

Amygdala

83
Q

the limbic structure actually found in the cortex
§ plays important roles in cognitive and emotional processing

A

Cingulate cortex

84
Q

outermost covering of the brain consisting of densely packed neurons
– responsible for higher thought processes and interpretation of sensory input

A

Cortex

85
Q

Wrinkling of the cortex

A

Corticalization

86
Q

the two sections of the cortex on the left and right sides of the brain

A

Cerebral hemispheres

87
Q

thick band of neurons that connects the right and left cerebral hemispheres

A

Corpus callosum

88
Q

Four lobes of the brain

A

Occipital
Temporal
Frontal
Parietal

89
Q

section of the brain located at the rear and bottom of each cerebral
hemisphere containing the visual centers of the brain

A

Occipital

PVC
VAC

90
Q

sections of the brain located at the top and back of each cerebral hemisphere containing the centers for touch, taste, and temperature sensations

A

Parietal lobes

91
Q

area of neurons running down the front of the parietal lobes
§ responsible for processing information from the skin and internal body receptors for touch, temperature, body position, and possibly taste

A

Somatosensory cortex

92
Q

areas of the cortex located just behind the temples containing the
neurons responsible for the sense of hearing and meaningful speech

A

Temporal lobes

PAC
AAC

93
Q

areas of the cortex located in the front and top of the brain; responsible for higher mental processes and decision making as well as the production of fluent speech

A

Frontal lobes

MC

94
Q

areas within each lobe of the cortex responsible for the
coordination and interpretation of information, as well as higher mental processing

A

Association areas

95
Q

condition resulting from damage to Broca’s area (usually in left frontal lobe)
– causes the affected person to be unable to speak fluently, to mispronounce words, and to speak haltingly

A

Broca’s Aphasia

96
Q

condition resulting from damage to Wernicke’s area (usually in left temporal lobe)
– causes the affected person to be unable to understand or produce meaningful language

A

Wernicke’s Aphasia

97
Q

condition produced by damage to the association areas of the right hemisphere
– results in an inability to recognize objects or body parts in the left visual field

A

Spatial neglect

98
Q

the upper part of the brain consisting of the two hemispheres and the structures that connect them

A

Cerebrum

99
Q

study of patients with severed
corpus callosum
– involves sending messages to only one side of the brain
– demonstrates right and left brain specialization

A

Split brain research

100
Q

seems to control language, writing, logical thought,
analysis, and mathematical abilities
– processes information sequentially, and enables one to speak

A

Left side of brain

101
Q

controls emotional expression, spatial perception,
recognition of faces, patterns, melodies, and emotions
– it processes information globally and cannot influence speech

A

Right side of brain

102
Q

ADHD

A

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder

Chap 2 Psych 100 (2 decks)

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