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Biol genetics > Chap 19 > Flashcards

Chap 19 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

1) What is a locus?

A
  1. A locus is the location of an allele on a chromosome
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2
Q

2) Approximately how many genes do humans possess?

A
  1. 21,500
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3
Q

3) What is each version of a gene called?

A
  1. allele
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4
Q

4) What is the condition referred to if two copies of a gene are identical alleles?

A
  1. homozygous
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5
Q

5) What is the condition referred to if two copies of a gene are different alleles?

A
  1. heterozygous
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6
Q

6) What is an allele called when that allele’s effect on a trait masks that of an allele paired with it?

A
  1. dominant
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7
Q

7) When an allele’s effect on a trait is masked by that of an allele paired with it, what is the second allele referred to as?

A
  1. recessive
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8
Q

8) What is the genotype AA referred to as?

A
  1. homozygous dominant
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9
Q

9) What is the genotype aa referred to as?

A
  1. homozygous recessive
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10
Q

10) What is the genotype Aa referred to as?

A
  1. heterozygous
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11
Q

11) What are the alleles an individual inherits called?

A
  1. genotype
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12
Q

12) What are observable functional or physical traits called?

A
  1. Phenotype
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13
Q

13) What is the most accurate description of an organism with genotype AaBb ?

A
  1. Dihybrid
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14
Q

14) Gene A occurs on chromosome 5, gene B is on chromosome 21. Therefore, these two parts of the chromosomes can NOT be

A
  1. Linked
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15
Q

15) If two parent organisms have different alleles for a gene that an experimenter wants to test, what test will he or she perform?

A
  1. Test cross
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16
Q

16) What gametes will a parent with the genotype CC will produce?

A
  1. C
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17
Q

17) When homologues separate into different gametes after meiosis I, the genes of each pair separate as well. What is this principle called?

A
  1. Segregation
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18
Q

18) The principle of segregation applies most specifically to events occurring in preparation of what?

A
  1. gametes
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19
Q

19) What does the theory of segregation deal with?

A
  1. explains the behavior of a pair of alleles during meiosis.
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20
Q

20) If R is dominant to r, the offspring of the cross of RR with rr will have what phenotype?

A
  1. the same phenotype as the RR parent
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21
Q

21) If tall (D) is dominant to dwarf (d), and two homozygous varieties DD and dd are crossed, then what phenotypes of offspring will be produced?

A
  1. all tall
22
Q

22) If all offspring of a cross have the genotype Aa, what would the parents of the crosses most likely be?

A
  1. AA x aa
23
Q

23) What is a graphic tool used to determine the probable outcome of genetic crosses called?

A
  1. Punnett square
24
Q

24) When the first generation parents are homozygous for different alleles, a 3:1 phenotype ratio will most likely appear in which generation of offspring?

A
  1. F2
25
Q

25) In a monohybrid cross, what kind of genes “disappear” in the F1 generation?

A
  1. recessive
26
Q

26) What is the F2 phenotypic ratio of a monohybrid cross?

A
  1. 3:1
27
Q

27) In the cross Cc x Cc, gametes have a ____ chance of receiving either allele.

A
  1. 50 x 50
28
Q

28) In a Punnett square, what do the letters within the little boxes represent?

A
  1. offspring genotypes
29
Q

29) If short hair (L) is dominant to long hair (l), then to determine the genotype of a short-haired animal it should be crossed with what genotype animal?

A
  1. ll
30
Q

30) When an individual with an unknown genotype is crossed with an individual that is homozygous recessive for the trait being studied, what is the procedure called?

A
  1. testcross
31
Q

31) The results of a testcross reveal that all offspring resemble the parent being tested. What is the genotype of the parent

A
  1. homozygous
32
Q

32) What does a testcross involve?

A
  1. an F1 hybrid and an organism that is homozygous recessive for that trait
33
Q

33) If all the offspring of a testcross are alike and resemble the organism being tested, then what is the genotype of that parent?

A
  1. homozygous dominant
34
Q

34) Assume short hair (L) is dominant to long hair (l), and black hair (B) is dominant to brown (b). If you found a black, short-haired animal, you could determine its genotype by crossing it to an animal with what genotype?

A
  1. ll bb
35
Q

35) If all the offspring of a cross had the genotype Aa Bb, what would the parents of the cross most likely be?

A
  1. both AA BB x aa bb and AA bb x aa BB
36
Q

36) When considering non-related traits, the fact that they may be inherited individually without any effect on one another is known as??

A
  1. independent assortment
37
Q

37) A given chromosome and its genes may end up in any of how many gametes?

A
  1. 4
38
Q

38) What is the principle of independent assortment?

A
  1. each hereditary unit on one chromosome is inherited separately from hereditary units on other chromosomes
39
Q

39) In cocker spaniels, black coat color (B) is dominant over red (b), and solid color (S) is dominant over spotted (s). If two dihybrids (Bb Ss) were crossed, what would the most common phenotype be?

A
  1. black and solid
40
Q

40) In cocker spaniels, black coat color (B) is dominant over red (b), and solid color (S) is dominant over spotted (s). A cross of Bb Ss with bb ss would produce what phenotypic ratio?

A
  1. 1:1:1:1
41
Q

41) If a child has blood type AB, can one of the parents have type O blood?

A
  1. no
42
Q

42) Blood types (A, B, and O) are controlled by what kind of gene?

A
  1. multiple alleles
43
Q

43) The ABO blood types have how many different genotypes?

A
  1. 6
44
Q

44) If a child has blood type O, he or she could NOT have been produced by which set of parents?

A

Type AB mother and type O father

45
Q

45) How many different alleles for ABO blood types are in the total human population?

A
  1. 3
46
Q

46) If a woman of blood type A has a child of blood type O, what blood type(s) can the father have?

A
  1. blood types A, B, or O, but not AB
47
Q

47) If one parent has blood type A and the other parent has blood type B, then what are the possible blood types of their children?

A
  1. A, B, AB, and O
48
Q

48) What is a gene that has three or more alleles called?

A
  1. multiple allele system
49
Q

49) What is it called when both alleles for a particular trait are expressed at the same time?

A
  1. codominance
50
Q

50) Which is easier to establish in a pure-breeding population, a dominant or a recessive gene?

A
  1. Recessive
51
Q

51) Tall (D) is dominant to dwarf (d). Give the F2 genotypic and phenotypic ratios of a cross between a pure-breeding, tall plant and a pure-breeding, dwarf plant.

A
  1. 1 DD, 2 Dd, 1 dd; 3 tall, 1 dwarf
52
Q

52) If wire hair (W) is dominant to smooth hair (w) and you find a wire-haired puppy, how would you determine its genotype by a genetic breeding experiment? Give both the genotype and phenotype involved with the cross with the unknown.

A
  1. Smooth hair, ww

Biol genetics (3 decks)

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