Chap 17.3 Flashcards
In 1368, the __________ dynasty was established following overthrow of the ___________
Ming Dynasty founded after overthrow of last Mongol emperor
The Ming Dynast was founded when a peasant named ____________ did this _____________
1368, peasant named Zhu Yuanzhang, rebel army, overthrew last Mongol emperor
Zhu took name Hongwu, meaning ______________, to found the Ming Dynasty
Zhu took name Hongwu, “vastly martial,” founded Ming dynasty
Ming means _________. This dynasty lasted _________ years, until __________
Ming means “brilliant”; dynasty lasted nearly 300 years, until 1644
During the Ming Dynasty, China gained control of these areas _______, _______, and parts of _________
•During this time China’s rulers gained control of Korea, Mongolia, parts of Central, Southeast Asia
After overthrowing the Mongols, what did Hongwu do?
•Having expelled Mongols, Hongwu worked to rebuild China
How did HongWu improve China?
•Reduced taxes, improved trade, agriculture, increased stability
What did Ming Dynasty do for Chinese culture?
In addition, Hongwu worked to eliminate Mongol influences and revive traditional Chinese values and practices, like Confucian principles.
Why did HongWu (Ming) want to restore Confucian ideas?
How did he accomplish this?
•To obtain government officials educated in Confucian ideas, Hongwu restored, improved civil service examination system
What is corruption?
How did HongWu get rid of corruption?
•To root out corruption, increased influence of censors, officials who monitored government
What did HongWu do to the emperor position?
•Hongwu also greatly expanded power as emperor
How did HongWu expand his power?
•Did away with positions of some high level officials, took over more control of government
How did Ming emperors gain more power than in prior dynasties?
- As result, Ming emperors more powerful than in previous dynasties
- Eliminated anyone challenging authority; killed thousands of rivals
After HongWu died in ________, who became emperor?
- In 1398 Hongwu died
- Following power struggle, son Yonglo became emperor
How long did Yonglo rule as emperor?
What did Yonglo do as emperor of China?
–Ruled from 1402 until 1424
–Moved Ming capital to Beijing, in northeast China
–Built vast imperial city at center of Beijing
Yonglo build a vast imperial city in Beijing known as ____________.
Why was it called this?
–City complex became known as Forbidden City because most people forbidden from entering
How did Yonglo expand influence outside of China?
•Yonglo sponsored overseas voyages to extend China’s influence
Between 1405 and 1433, __________ (name) was a Chinese ________ (what religiion?).
What did he do to expand China’s influence outside of China?
•Between 1405 and 1433, Zheng He, Chinese Muslim admiral, led seven voyages around Indian Ocean as far as Africa
How did Zheng He show China’s power?
- Sailed with fleets of as many as 300 ships to show China’s power.
- Fleets included trading ships, immense treasure ships
What did Zheng He do on these voyages to show China’s sea power?
- Zheng He presented gifts from China wherever he went; in return several foreign leaders sent tribute to China’s emperor
- Voyages demonstrated Ming China’s growing sea power
- After 1433 voyages ended
In 1433, the voyages ended. What was the policy that came after?
The policy to end the voyages was part of a move in Ming China toward isolation from the outside world
By 1500s, China entered a period of _____________ (what?)
•1500s, move toward isolation gained full force
How did Ming China isolate itself?
- Ming heavily restricted foreign trade and travel
- Allowed to trade only at few ports, during certain times
- Smugglers traded with foreign merchants
What led to China’s goal to isolate itself?
- Arrival of European traders, Christian missionaries influenced decision to isolate China
- Europeans introduced new goods and ideas
- Ming disliked European influences
What did Ming China hope to gain by isolation?
•Sought to preserve Chinese traditions
Some Europeans did gain influence in China.
Give one example.
- Some Europeans gained influence in China
- One was Matteo Ricci, Italian Jesuit priest; arrived 1583
How did Matteo Ricci gain influence in China?
What did he introduce into China?
- Ricci learned Chinese, adopted customs to gain acceptance
- Introduced European learning in math, science
Ming China also faced threat from ______________
What did it do to counter this threat?
- Ming also faced renewed Mongol threat to north
- To improve defense, Ming restored China’s Great Wall
- Much of Great Wall seen today built during Ming period
What was the state of China’s economy during Ming dynasty?
- Ming rule brought prosperity to China
- Improved methods of irrigation increased farm production
- Peasants produced huge rice crops in southern river valleys
How was crop production during Ming dynasty?
What crops came?
What did lots of crop lead to?
Growth of Crops, Population
- 1500s, new crops like corn, sweet potatoes from Americas reached China
- Stability, plentiful food led to substantial population growth
What grew in this period in terms of where the Chinese people lived?
- As population grew, so did cities
- Industries like manufacture of porcelain, silk expanded in response to growing European demand
- At same time, China remained mainly agricultural society
Describe the 4 stages that led to Ming decline
- Late 1500s, Ming Dynasty began to decline
- Weak rulers took throne, corruption increased under their rule
- Defense efforts drained treasury; rulers raised taxes
- 1600s, high taxes, crop failures led to famine, hardship; rebellions broke out
Who took over China after the Ming?
Where did they come from?
What was their name?
- Ming China weakened; the Manchu, a people to northwest in Manchuria, saw their chance
- 1644, swept into Beijing
- Last Ming emperor killed himself, Manchu formed own dynasty; gave it Chinese name—Qing
The last dynasty in China was ___________ Dynasty, which ruled for _________ years.
How was China during this time?
The Qing Dynasty became the last dynasty in 3,500 years of imperial rule in China. Under the Qing Dynasty’s Manchu rulers, China again grew prosperous and expanded to its largest size in history.
How did the ruling Manchu deal with the Chinese subjects?
- Manchu faced resistance from Chinese subjects
- To win support, Manchu showed respect for Chinese customs, maintained Confucian traditions
How did the Manchu establish government?
- Manchu rulers carried over much Ming government structure
- Continued civil service exam system
- Government positions distributed equally among Chinese, Manchu officials
How did the Manchu keep itself separate from the Chinese?
•The Manchu remained separate
–Manchu not allowed to marry Chinese
–Women forbidden to bind feet
–Men had to wear hair in Manchu style
Qing China flourished under 2 emperors: __________ and ____________
Qing China flourished under two emperors,
Kangxi and his grandson Qianlong
Kangzi ruled from 1662 to 1722
What were some of the things he did for China?
How did Kangxi feel about outside influence?
•Kangxi ruled from 1662 to 1722;
reduced taxes for peasants,
expanded empire into parts of Central Asia
- Intellectual, supported arts,
- Enjoyed learning about European advances in science, other areas
Qianlong ruled from 1736 to 1796 and brought Qing dynasty to height.
Give 3 examples of how Qing China became great under Qianlong?
- Ruled from 1736 to 1796, brought Qing dynasty to height
- Expanded empire to largest size by conquering Taiwan, Mongolia, Tibet
- Agricultural production continued to rise, population boomed
- Economy thrived, benefiting from improved transportation, foreign and domestic markets
How did Qing dynasty regard trade with countries outside of China?
Who did China trade with?
What were main products traded?
- Qianlong continued Ming policy of isolation, restricting foreign trade
- Saw Chinese civilization, products, as superior, expected foreigners to trade on China’s terms
- Accepting terms, Dutch began thriving trade in Chinese goods
- Obtained Chinese porcelain, silk, along with tea—which soon became main Chinese export to Europe
This European country also tried to trade with China - ______________
How did Qing China regard him?
- Other Europeans tried to change China’s trade restrictions
- 1793, British Lord George Macartney came to China to discuss expanding trade
- Chinese found goods he brought inferior to their own products
What did isolation and trade failure do to China?
How did China compare to Europe?
Isolation Held China Back
- Macartney refused to kneel to emperor, was sent away
- China was one of most advanced civilizations, but isolation prevented Chinese from keeping up with European advances
Ming and Qing rule did leave China with developments in _________ and _____________
Under Ming and Qing rule, the Chinese made many developments in the arts and literature.
What was art and literature like in Ming period?
What did artisans produce?
- Ming artisans produced exquisite blue and white porcelain
- Beauty, superb quality made it valuable trade item, especially in Europe
- During Ming period, rising literacy rates contributed to growth of popular fiction
__________ became a popular form of literature.
This was considered China’s greatest novel: ___________
- Short stories became more popular; first Chinese novels published
- 1700s, Qing writer Cao Zhan wrote Dream of the Red Chamber
- Considered China’s greatest novel; examines decline of an upper class Chinese family
