CHAP 15 SLIDES

Question 1

Life span

Answer 1

the MAX number of years an individual can live.
* Approximately 120–125 years.

Question 2

Life expectancy:

Answer 2

the number of years the average person born in a particular year will probably live.

Improved with advances in medicine, nutrition, exercise, and
lifestyle, along with a substantial reduction in infant deaths.

In 2020, extensive increase in deaths due to COVID-19
dropped the average life expectancy

from 78.8 years in 2019 to
76.1 in 2021.

Question 3

Differences in life expectancy:

Answer 3

lowest estimated in Afghanistan (52.1 years)

Highest is Monaco (89.5)

Question 4

In the US, what contributes to slower increase in life expectancy

Answer 4

child and maternal mortality rates

homicide rate

body mass indexes

Question 5

Life expectancy also varies between ethnic groups and gender

Answer 5

women it was 79.1 in 2021 while 73.2 for men

Question 6

Latino Health Paradox

Answer 6

Latinos live 1.2 years longer than Whites despite lower educational attainment and income level

Reasons can be extended family connections and lower rates of smoking

Question 7

Centenarian

Answer 7

People living to 100 years and older

Chronic high mortality diseases are delayed for many years

Question 8

Supercentenarian

Answer 8

People who live to 110-119

Question 9

Evolutionary theory of aging:

Answer 9

natural selection has not eliminated many harmful conditions and nonadaptive characteristics in older adults.

Benefits of aging declines with age

Criticism of evolutionary theory:

Doesn’t account for culture

Hard to study

Question 10

Cellular clock theory

Answer 10

Hayflick’s theory that the max number of times that human ceLls can divide is about 75-80

Question 11

Telomeres

Answer 11

DNA sequence that cap chromosomes becomes shorter each time a cell divides

lifestyle can delay the telomere shortening

Question 12

Free-radical theory

Answer 12

people age because normal metabolic processes within cells produce unstable oxygen molecules that damage DNA and cellular structures

Question 13

Mitochondrial theory

Answer 13

aging is caused by mitochondrial decay

Question 14

Sirtuins

Answer 14

a family of proteins that have been linked

• longeviity
• DNa repair
• aging

Question 15

mTOR pathway

Answer 15

a cellular pathway that involves the regulation of growth and metabolism

Question 16

Hormonal stress theory

Answer 16

as you age the body’s hormonal system will decrease and thus

1. u get more stressed
2. have more likeihood of disease

Question 17

The brain will lose, percent of its weight between the ages of ,

Answer 17

5-10 ; 20-90

Question 18

Neurogenesis:

Answer 18

The generation of new neurons

Question 19

The Nun Study

Answer 19

In an ongoing investigation of aging in 678 nuns, brain researchers
have concluded that intellectual challenge contributes to better
quality of life and possibly the nuns’ longevity.

Question 20

Cataracts:

Answer 20

the thickening of eye’s lens causes vision to become
cloudy, opaque, and distorted

Question 21

Glaucoma

Answer 21

damage to optic nerve because of pressure created
by fluid buildup in the eye.

Question 22

Macular degeneration

Answer 22

deterioration of the retina’s macula, .

Question 23

Arthritis,

Answer 23

inflammation of the joints accompanied by pain, stiffness,
and movement problems, is especially common in older adults

Question 24

Osteoporosis

Answer 24

is an extensive loss of bone tissue that causes
many older adults to walk with a stoop.

Question 25

Selective attention:

Answer 25

focusing on a specific aspect of experience that is relevant while ignoring others that are irrelevant.

Question 26

Sustained attention:

Answer 26

focused and extended engagement.

Question 27

Explicit memory:

Answer 27

the facts and experiences that individuals consciously know and can state

Question 28

Implicit memory:

Answer 28

memory without conscious recollections; skills and routine procedures.

Question 29

Episodic memory:

Answer 29

retention of information about the where and when of life’s happenings.

Question 30

Reminiscence bump:

Answer 30

older adults remember more events from the **second** and **third** decades of their lives

Question 32

Semantic memory:

Answer 32

a person’s knowledge about the world

Question 33

Wisdom

Answer 33

is expert knowledge about the practical aspects of life that permits excellent judgment about important matters

Question 34

Cognitive neuroscience:

Answer 34

a discipline that studies links between the brain and cognitive functioning

Question 35

Dementia

Answer 35

is a global term for several neurological disorders involving irreversible decline in mental function severe enough to interfere with daily living

Question 36

Alzheimer disease

Answer 36

is a progressive, irreversible brain disorder characterized by a gradual deterioration of memory, reasoning, language, and eventually physical function.

Question 37

Mild cognitive impairment (MCI)

Answer 37

represents a transitional state between the cognitive changes of normal aging and very early Alzheimer disease and other dementias.

Question 38

Respite care

Answer 38

can provide important breaks from the burden of providing chronic care.

Question 39

Parkinson disease,

Answer 39

a chronic, progressive disease characterized by 1. muscle tremors 2. slowing of movement 3. partial facial paralysis