Chap 14 Integration Of Nervous System Functions

Question 1

Arriving information from direct physical contact with the environment

Answer 1

Sensation

Question 2

Awareness of sensation by interpretation and understanding

Answer 2

Perception

Question 3

Senses are the means in which the brain receives information about the environment

Answer 3

They include general senses somatic and visceral.
Special senses

Question 4

General senses

Answer 4

Receptors are widely distributed throughout the body.
Skin, various organs and joints.
They are our sensitivity to temperature, pain, touch, pressure, vibration, and proprioception

Question 5

Somatic senses include

Answer 5

Touch, pressure, temperature, proprioception, and pain

Question 6

Visceral senses are primarily

Answer 6

Pain and pressure

Question 7

Special senses

Answer 7

Specialized receptors confined to structures in the brain
Vision, taste, smell, hearing and balance

Question 8

Sensory receptors are specialized cells or multicellular structures that collect information from the environment.
Stimulate neurons to send impulses along nerve fibers to the brain

Answer 8

Mechanoreceptors
Chemoreceptors
Thermoreceptors
Photoreceptors
Nociceptors

Question 9

Respond to change in chemical concentrations: smell, taste, pH

Answer 9

Chemoreceptors

Question 10

Respond to tissue damage and extreme pain

Answer 10

Nociceptors

Question 11

Respond to temperature change

Answer 11

Thermoreceptors

Question 12

Respond to mechanical forces: physical distortion.
Stretch receptors
Proprioceptors
Baroreceptors

Answer 12

Mechanoreceptors

Question 13

Respond to light

Answer 13

Photoreceptors

Question 14

General senses associated with the skin, muscles and joints
3 groups

Answer 14

Exteroceptors- external environment. body surfaces like touch, pressure, temperature, and pain.
2. Interoceptors- change inside the body like blood pressure stretching blood vessels and meal digestion.
3. Proprioceptors - changes in skeletal muscles and joints

Question 15

Three touch and pressure senses: free nerve endings, tactile (meissner’s) corpuscles, and lamellated (Pacinian) corpuscles.

Question 16

Free nerve endings

Answer 16

Simplest most common sensory receptor
Common in epithelial tissue
Sense itching
No accessory structure
Stimulated by many different stimuli no receptor specificity
Branching tips of dendrites of sensory neurons

Question 17

Tactile meissner corpuscles

Answer 17

Abundance in hairless portions of skin and lips.
Detect fine touch and two point discrimination.
Touch and vibration
Distributed throughout dermal papillae
Numerous and close together on tongue and fingertips

Question 18

Lamelleted pacinian corpuscles

Answer 18

Looks like onion
Deep pressure and vibration
Involve Proprioception when associated with joints

Question 19

Temperature senses: warm, cold, and pain

Answer 19

Warm: sensitive to temperature above 77 F
Unresponsive to temperature above 113 F.
Cold: sensitive to temperature between 50 F and 68 F.
Pain: temp below 10 C and above 45C

Question 20

Somatic sensory tracts are

Answer 20

Ascending, ending in the brain

Question 21

Sensory pathways
Arrive stimulus ~ depolarization of sensory receptor to -70mV~action potential generation develop in the initial segment ~ propagation ( axons carry information of stimulus to CNS) ~cns process incoming info at every synapse ~< involuntary motor pathway immediate response ( cerebral cortex) or voluntary motor pathway ( primary somatosensory cortex).

Question 22

What do we call the body’s specialized cells that monitor specific internal or external conditions

Answer 22

Sensory receptors

Question 23

Is it possible for somatic motor commands to occur at the subconscious level

Answer 23

Yes it can occur in both subconscious (involuntary) and conscious ( voluntary) levels

Question 24

Where are special sensory receptors located

Answer 24

In sense organs like the eyes and ears

Question 25

What is transduction

Answer 25

occurs when a sensory receptor converts a type of stimulus energy (e.g., photon, sound wave) into an AP (electrical impulse) that can be interpreted by the brain.

Question 26

What is receptor specificity

Answer 26

the extent to which a receptor binds with a particular site rather than other molecules.

Question 27

What is receptive field

Answer 27

The area monitored by a single receptor cell.

The larger the receptor field the poorer the ability to localize a stimulus

Question 28

What is a label line

Answer 28

A connecting link between the sensory receptors and the central nervous system that from its one end receives information from one or many, but a single type of sensory receptor and from the other end transmit the sensory information to a specific region in the central nervous system

Question 29

Tonic receptors

Answer 29

Always active

Tonic receptors are receptors that gradually adapt and inform about the duration of the stimulus. They usually respond to stimuli as long as it remains. This produces a continuous frequency of action potentials. Therefore, tonic receptors carry information for a duration of the stimuli. The response to these stimuli is slow. Examples of tonic receptors are pain receptors, muscle spindles, joint capsules, and Ruffini corpuscles.

Question 30

Difference between tonic and phasic receptors

Answer 30

The key difference between tonic and phasic receptors is that tonic receptors convey messages about the duration of the stimulus, while phasic receptors convey messages about the changes in the

Question 31

Phasic receptors

Answer 31

Phasic receptors are receptors that adapt and inform rapidly and mainly focus on the change of the stimulus. These receptors usually respond faster to stimuli; however, the response is stopped upon continuous stimulation. Therefore, with a prolonged period of stimulation, the action potential decreases. This conveys information about changes, such as the intensity of the stimuli, and does not provide information on the duration of the stimulus. The response of these receptors diminishes very fast and stops. Examples of phasic receptors are Pacinian corpuscles or lamellar corpuscles. These receptors are present among the four main mechanoreceptors that are situated in the hairless skin of mammals.

Question 32

Adaptation

Answer 32

A reduction of receptor sensitivity in the presence of a constant stimulus

Question 33

Peripheral adaptation

Answer 33

Done at PNS
Adaptation to stimulus b/c axons become tired of firing the same signal = synaptic fatigue.
Plastic receptor- fast adapting
Tonic receptor- slow adapting

Question 34

Central adaptation

Answer 34

CNS level
Brain awareness but ignores it b/c it’s not important

Question 35

“These are the major proprioceptors: Muscle spindles: These are tiny bundles of muscle fibers within each muscle that have a connective tissue capsule around them. There’s a central multi-nucleated fiber called a nuclear bag fiber and smaller fibers called nuclear chain fibers. These special fibers have the ability to tell you how long each muscle is. You integrate the information from all your muscles in order to tell you what these muscles are doing without looking at them. Golgi tendon organs: These are receptors found within the tendons that attach muscle to bone. They respond to the level of tension in the tendon and also help decide how tense each muscle is within the body. Joint receptors: These are simple receptors within the joints that fire differently based on the tension within the joint. Like the other receptors, they help you determine if your joints are straight or bent and how much tension is on them.”

— Anatomy & Physiology Made Easy: An Illustrated Study Guide for Students To Easily Learn Anatomy and Physiology by NEDU
https://a.co/bbAgPHY

Question 36

“Mechanoreceptors There are four separate mechanoreceptor-type structures in the skin. They include the following: Meissner corpuscles: These are found in hairless skin and will detect pressure or dynamic touch. These have layers, or lamellae, made of Schwann cells. Inside the inner layers is the afferent, or incoming, nerve that fires when the skin is pressed on. Pacinian corpuscles: These can be found in the tissues beneath the skin, in the viscera, and in some connective tissue. They detect vibration and deep pressure applied to the tissues. These are structures that are layered like an onion, with lamellae that are surrounded by an outermost layer. Just inside this outermost layer is a fluid-filled space, with sensory nerve endings that respond to impulses you’d get from something vibrating the skin. These are rapidly adapting nerve fibers, so they can detect the speed of rapid vibrations. Merkel’s discs: These are found near hair follicles and within the skin. They respond best to light touch and to the application of a steady pressure on the skin. These are found in the epidermis and line up along the dermal ridges of the fingertips. They are found mostly in very sensitive areas of the body, such as the genitalia, lips and fingertips. They help you detect the shapes of things applied to the skin and the edges of these shapes. Ruffini corpuscles: These are found within the skin and respond best when skin is stretched. They are elongated and encapsulated, located deep within the skin structures as well as in tendons and ligaments. They line up parallel to the stretch lines within the skin, so they are more sensitive to stretch than other receptors. These different receptor types look like this:”

— Anatomy & Physiology Made Easy: An Illustrated Study Guide for Students To Easily Learn Anatomy and Physiology by NEDU
https://a.co/diAssfO