Chap 11 Basic concepts of organic chemistry Flashcards
Why is carbon so special
- four electrons in its outer shells
- can form four covalent bonds with other atoms
- single double or triple bonds can form
- can bond to other carbon atoms in long chains
What are hydrocarbons
- compound containing carbon and hydrogen only
What is a saturated hydrocarbon
- single bonds only of carbon and hydrogen only
What is an unsaturated hydrocarbon
- contains carbon to carbon multiple bonds
- where only carbon and hydrogen atoms
What is a homologous series
- family of compounds with similar chemical properties
- whose successive members differ by addition of a CH2 group
What is a functional group
- part of the organic molecule largely responsible for the molecules chemical properties
What is an aliphatic hydrocarbon
- carbon atoms are joined to each other in unbranched or branched chains or non aromatic rings
What is an alicyclic hydrocarbon
- carbon atoms are joined to each other in ring (cyclical) structures with or without branches
What is an aromatic hydrocarbon
- some or all of the carbon atoms found in a benzene ring
What are the three homologous series of aliphatic hydrocarbons and describe each of them
- alkanes - single carbon to carbon bonds
- alkenes - at least one double carbon to carbon bond
- alkynes - containg at least on triple carbon to carbon bond
What are alkyl groups
- general formula CnH2n+1
- they normally branch of molecules
How do you name compounds containing functional groups
- indentify longest unbranched chain of carbon atoms
- identify any functional group and any alkyl side chains and select appropriate prefixes and suffixes for them
- number of alkul groups and functional group to indicate their position on the longest unbranched chain
Describe the functional group and any prefixes or suffixes of an alkene
- functional group - C=C
- suffix - ene
Describe the functional group and any prefixes or suffixes of an alcohol
- functional group - OH
- prefix - hydroxy
- suffix - ol
Describe the functional group and any prefixes or suffixes of an haloalkane
- functional group -Cl,Br,I
- prefix - chloro,bromo,iodo
Describe the functional group and any prefixes or suffixes of an aldehyde
- functional group - CHO double bond between O and C
- suffix - al
Describe the functional group and any prefixes or suffixes of an ketone
- functional group -C(C=O)C
- suffix - one
Describe the functional group and any prefixes or suffixes of an carboxylic acid
- functional group -COOH double bond between C and O
- suffic - oic acid
Describe the functional group and any prefixes or suffixes of an ester
- functional group - COOC double bond betwen C and O
- suffix - oate
Describe the functional group and any prefixes or suffixes of an acyl chloride
- functional group -COCL double bond to C to O
- suffix - oyl chloride
Describe the functional group and any prefixes or suffixes of an amine
- functional group - NH2
- prefix - amino
- suffix - amine
Describe the functional group and any prefixes or suffixes of an nitrile
- functional group - CN
- suffix - nitrile
What is the priorities that the functional groups take from highest priority to least
- carboxylic acids
- aldehydes
- ketones
- alcohols
- alkenes
- alkyne
- alkane
- haloalkanes
- alkyl groups
What is a molecular formula
- shows the number and type of atoms of each element present in a molecule
What is the emperical formula
- simplest whole number ration of the atoms of each element present in a compound
What is the general formula
- simplest algebraic formal for any memeber of a homologous series
What is the general formula of alkanes
CnH2n+2
What is the general formula of alkenes
CnH2n
What is the general formula of alcohols
- CnH2n+1OH
What is the general formula of carboxylic acids
- CnH2n+1COOH
Whatt is the general formula of ketones
CnH2nO
What is a displayed formula
- shows the relative positioning of all of the atoms in a molecule and the bonds between them
What is a structural formula
- uses the smallest amoint of detail necessaru to show the arrangement of atoms in a molecule and groups bonded together
What is a skeletal formula
- simplified organic formula remove all of the carbon and hydrogen from carbon chain
- remove any bond to hydrogen bonds
- line represents a single bond
- intersection of two lines represent a carbon atom
- end of line represents a CH3 group
What is the formula for benzene
C6H6
What are structural isomers
- compounds with same molecular formula but different structural formulas
What happens with isomers with the same functioal group
- can usually be placed different positions along carbon chains
- but remember that the formula can look the same when you flip the molecule
What happnes with isomers with different functional groups
- two molecules containing different functional groups can contain the same molecular formula
- like aldehydes and ketons with the same number of carbon atoms
What is a covalent bond
- defined as a shared pair of electrons between two atoms
What is homolytic fission
- each of the bonded atoms take one of the shared pair of electrons from the bond
- each atom now has a single unpaired electron
What is a radical
- an atom of groups of atoms with an unpaired electron
What is heterolytic fission
- one of the bonded atoms take both of the electrons from the bonds
- te atom take both electrons becomes a negative ion
- atom not taking the electrons become a positive ion
What are curly arrows
- used to show the movement of electron pairs when bonds are being broken or made
What is an addition reaction
- two reactants join together to fform one product
- eg in an unsatruated alkene breaking of the double bond to form single saturated compound
What is a substitution reaction
- an atom or group of atoms replaced by a different atom or group of atoms
What is an elimination reaction
- involved the removal of a small molecule from a larger one
- one reactant molecule froms two products usually
