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Chemistry module 4 > Chap 11 Basic concepts of organic chemistry > Flashcards

Chap 11 Basic concepts of organic chemistry Flashcards

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1
Q

Why is carbon so special

A
  • four electrons in its outer shells
  • can form four covalent bonds with other atoms
  • single double or triple bonds can form
  • can bond to other carbon atoms in long chains
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1
Q

What are hydrocarbons

A
  • compound containing carbon and hydrogen only
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2
Q

What is a saturated hydrocarbon

A
  • single bonds only of carbon and hydrogen only
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3
Q

What is an unsaturated hydrocarbon

A
  • contains carbon to carbon multiple bonds
  • where only carbon and hydrogen atoms
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4
Q

What is a homologous series

A
  • family of compounds with similar chemical properties
  • whose successive members differ by addition of a CH2 group
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5
Q

What is a functional group

A
  • part of the organic molecule largely responsible for the molecules chemical properties
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6
Q

What is an aliphatic hydrocarbon

A
  • carbon atoms are joined to each other in unbranched or branched chains or non aromatic rings
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7
Q

What is an alicyclic hydrocarbon

A
  • carbon atoms are joined to each other in ring (cyclical) structures with or without branches
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8
Q

What is an aromatic hydrocarbon

A
  • some or all of the carbon atoms found in a benzene ring
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9
Q

What are the three homologous series of aliphatic hydrocarbons and describe each of them

A
  • alkanes - single carbon to carbon bonds
  • alkenes - at least one double carbon to carbon bond
  • alkynes - containg at least on triple carbon to carbon bond
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10
Q

What are alkyl groups

A
  • general formula CnH2n+1
  • they normally branch of molecules
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11
Q

How do you name compounds containing functional groups

A
  • indentify longest unbranched chain of carbon atoms
  • identify any functional group and any alkyl side chains and select appropriate prefixes and suffixes for them
  • number of alkul groups and functional group to indicate their position on the longest unbranched chain
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12
Q

Describe the functional group and any prefixes or suffixes of an alkene

A
  • functional group - C=C
  • suffix - ene
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13
Q

Describe the functional group and any prefixes or suffixes of an alcohol

A
  • functional group - OH
  • prefix - hydroxy
  • suffix - ol
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14
Q

Describe the functional group and any prefixes or suffixes of an haloalkane

A
  • functional group -Cl,Br,I
  • prefix - chloro,bromo,iodo
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15
Q

Describe the functional group and any prefixes or suffixes of an aldehyde

A
  • functional group - CHO double bond between O and C
  • suffix - al
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16
Q

Describe the functional group and any prefixes or suffixes of an ketone

A
  • functional group -C(C=O)C
  • suffix - one
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17
Q

Describe the functional group and any prefixes or suffixes of an carboxylic acid

A
  • functional group -COOH double bond between C and O
  • suffic - oic acid
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18
Q

Describe the functional group and any prefixes or suffixes of an ester

A
  • functional group - COOC double bond betwen C and O
  • suffix - oate
19
Q

Describe the functional group and any prefixes or suffixes of an acyl chloride

A
  • functional group -COCL double bond to C to O
  • suffix - oyl chloride
20
Q

Describe the functional group and any prefixes or suffixes of an amine

A
  • functional group - NH2
  • prefix - amino
  • suffix - amine
21
Q

Describe the functional group and any prefixes or suffixes of an nitrile

A
  • functional group - CN
  • suffix - nitrile
22
Q

What is the priorities that the functional groups take from highest priority to least

A
  • carboxylic acids
  • aldehydes
  • ketones
  • alcohols
  • alkenes
  • alkyne
  • alkane
  • haloalkanes
  • alkyl groups
23
Q

What is a molecular formula

A
  • shows the number and type of atoms of each element present in a molecule
24
Q

What is the emperical formula

A
  • simplest whole number ration of the atoms of each element present in a compound
25
Q

What is the general formula

A
  • simplest algebraic formal for any memeber of a homologous series
26
Q

What is the general formula of alkanes

A

CnH2n+2

27
Q

What is the general formula of alkenes

A

CnH2n

28
Q

What is the general formula of alcohols

A
  • CnH2n+1OH
29
Q

What is the general formula of carboxylic acids

A
  • CnH2n+1COOH
30
Q

Whatt is the general formula of ketones

A

CnH2nO

31
Q

What is a displayed formula

A
  • shows the relative positioning of all of the atoms in a molecule and the bonds between them
32
Q

What is a structural formula

A
  • uses the smallest amoint of detail necessaru to show the arrangement of atoms in a molecule and groups bonded together
33
Q

What is a skeletal formula

A
  • simplified organic formula remove all of the carbon and hydrogen from carbon chain
  • remove any bond to hydrogen bonds
  • line represents a single bond
  • intersection of two lines represent a carbon atom
  • end of line represents a CH3 group
34
Q

What is the formula for benzene

A

C6H6

35
Q

What are structural isomers

A
  • compounds with same molecular formula but different structural formulas
36
Q

What happens with isomers with the same functioal group

A
  • can usually be placed different positions along carbon chains
  • but remember that the formula can look the same when you flip the molecule
37
Q

What happnes with isomers with different functional groups

A
  • two molecules containing different functional groups can contain the same molecular formula
  • like aldehydes and ketons with the same number of carbon atoms
38
Q

What is a covalent bond

A
  • defined as a shared pair of electrons between two atoms
39
Q

What is homolytic fission

A
  • each of the bonded atoms take one of the shared pair of electrons from the bond
  • each atom now has a single unpaired electron
40
Q

What is a radical

A
  • an atom of groups of atoms with an unpaired electron
41
Q

What is heterolytic fission

A
  • one of the bonded atoms take both of the electrons from the bonds
  • te atom take both electrons becomes a negative ion
  • atom not taking the electrons become a positive ion
42
Q

What are curly arrows

A
  • used to show the movement of electron pairs when bonds are being broken or made
43
Q

What is an addition reaction

A
  • two reactants join together to fform one product
  • eg in an unsatruated alkene breaking of the double bond to form single saturated compound
44
Q

What is a substitution reaction

A
  • an atom or group of atoms replaced by a different atom or group of atoms
45
Q

What is an elimination reaction

A
  • involved the removal of a small molecule from a larger one
  • one reactant molecule froms two products usually

Chemistry module 4 (7 decks)

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