Chap 11

Question 1

Bandura and Walters social learning theory

Answer 1

1. Combination of traditional principles and classical/operant conditioning
2. Combination of the principles of observational learning, or imitation.

Question 2

Meltzoff and Moore results

Answer 2

Newborn infants have a tendency to repeat certain gestures made by adults, especially tongue protrusion

Question 3

Research showed that

Answer 3

The ability to imitate new behaviors does not appear until later in childhood

Question 4

Social Facilitation

Answer 4

Behavior of one animal prompts similar behaviors from another animal, but the behavior is one that is ALREADY IN THE REPERTOIRE of the imitator (eating, running, etc).

Question 5

Stimulus enhancement

Answer 5

Behavior of a model directs the attention of the learner to a particular stimulus or place in the environment.

Question 6

True Imitation

Answer 6

Occurs when an animal imitates a behavior that IT HAS NEVER PERFORMED BEFORE, and when it is an unusual behavior pattern for that species, which probably would not have been learned if the animal did not observe another animal performing that behavior.

Question 7

Miller and Dollard

Answer 7

• claimed that observational learning is not an additional type of learning, rather it is simply a special case of operant conditioning.
• Claimed that observational learning involves situations where the discriminative stimulus is the behavior of another person, and the appropriate response just happens to be a similar behavior on the part of the observer.

Question 8

Miller and Dollard experiemt

Answer 8

• Children always copied the response of the leader
• Non- imitation group always made the opposite response
• Concluded that, like any other operant response, imitation will occur if an individual is reinforced for imitating.

Question 9

Bandura pointed out

Answer 9

Miller and Dollards analysis of imitation applies only to those instances in which a leaner observes the behavior of a model and immediately copies the response.

Question 10

The principle cannot, by itself explain the first occurrence of any response learned by observation.

Answer 10

True

Question 11

Bandura’s Experiment + conclusions

Answer 11

• the theory of generalized imitation is inadequate.
• Claimed that the consequences to the model made a difference: Children who saw the model being punished exhibited less imitation than children in the other two groups.
• Claimed that the experimenter offered to reward the child if he or she would imitate the behavior of the model in the film.
• Concluded that reinforcement is not necessary for the LEARNING of new behaviors through observation, but that the expectation of reinforcement is essential for the PERFORMANCE of these new behaviors.

*Claimed that the theory of generalized imitation makes no provisions for distinguishing between the learning and the performance of imitative behaviors.

Question 12

Bandura’s Theory of Imitation

Answer 12

1. Attentional Processes: Learner must pay attention to the appropriate features of the models behavior if imitation is to occur.
2. Retentional Processes: Must retain some of the info that is gained through observation is imitation is to occur at a later time. (rehearsal can be important here).
3. Motor Reproductive Processes: Learner must have the appropriate motor skills in order to imitate the model. Must have general knowledge.
4. Incentive and Motivational Processes: Individual must have an expectation that the performance of this new behavior will produce some type of behavior.

Question 13

Problems with generalized imitation theory

Answer 13

1. It does not explain why observes will imitate a reinforced model more readily than a punished model.
2. It does not explain why the children in all 3 groups were able to imitate when offered a reward for doing so.

Question 14

Kymissis and Poulson proposed

Answer 14

• Theory of imitation can account for all types of imitative behaviors, using only well established principles of operant conditioning.
• Banduras claim that the theory of generalized imitation cannot explain his results is not correct. Both theories can account for the results, but they do so in slightly different ways.

Question 15

Whereas Baduras theory uses concepts such as attention, retention, and expectation of reward, the theory of generalized imitation relies on behavioral principles such as stimulus discrimination, generalization, and the learning/performance distinction.

Answer 15

True

Question 16

Mirror Neurons

Answer 16

• They fire both when an animal makes a certain movements AND when the animal observes someone else make that movement.
• They may help us understand the actions, intentions, and feelings of other people.
• Suggested that motor neurons are important for observational learning and imitation as they may help to make the connection between seeing someone else perform the action and then being able to perform it ourselves.

Question 17

Baduras and Walters suggested two main ways a parent can shape a Childs personality.

Answer 17

1. By control of rewards and punishments.
2. By serving as a model whom the child can imitate.

Question 18

Bandura and Walters claimed

Answer 18

• Direct reinforcement and observational learning work together in shaping what we might call self-discipline and a high achievement motivation.
• Parents vs children bowling experiment. Candy as celebration changed as the parent chose when they would get one.
• Study showed that children can learn to apply either strict or lenient standards of self discipline by observing a model.
• Speculate that numerous learning experiences of a similar type must occur as children observe their parents behaviors over a period of many years.

Question 19

McClelland found

Answer 19

A significant correlation between the average level of achievement motivation depicted in a countries children stores and its rate of economic growth during the next 25 years.

Question 20

Apparent paradox

Answer 20

*Parents who use the most severe punishment for aggressive behaviors tend to produce more aggressive children.
*Resolved when we realize that parents who use physical punishment with their children are providing their children with models of aggressive behavior.

Question 21

Many studies have found

Answer 21

A positive correlation between amount of TV they watch and their level of aggressiveness in everyday life.

Question 22

Longitudinal study

Answer 22

relevant variables are measured at different points in time.

Question 23

Eron, Huesmann, Lefkowitz, and Walter study

Answer 23

• Found moderate correlation between preference for violent TV in the 3rd grade and aggressiveness 10 years later.

Question 24

Field experiments

Answer 24

• In which the TV viewing and the measurement of aggressive behaviors occur in more realistic settings.
• Show a modest effects of TV violence on aggressive behaviors.

Question 25

Playing violent video games can increase aggressive behaviors in children, especially when they are more realistic.

Answer 25

True

Question 26

It appears that it is not simply the presence of violence in a TV program but how the violence is portrayed that is important.

Answer 26

True

Question 27

Some research has found evidence that listening to music with violent lyrics can increase aggressive thoughts and emotions in adolescents.
+
Music with violent and antisocial lyrics can have undesirable effects on the attitudes, emotions, and behaviors of children and adolescents.

Answer 27

True

Question 28

Adolescents who had good relationships with their parents were more likely to imitate their use of cigarettes, marijuana, and alcohol than those who had poor relationships.

Answer 28

True

Question 29

Drug and alcohol use among adolescents is more highly correlated with the habits of their peers than with the habits of their parent.s

Answer 29

True

Question 30

Social learning theorists claim

Answer 30

Observational learning plays a major role in the development and refinement of cognitive skills.

Question 31

Concept of conservation

Answer 31

Children are said to have mastered the concepts of conservation of volume if they say that A and C have the same amount of water.

Question 32

Non conservers

Answer 32

Children who have not yet learned that liquids retain a constant volume regardless of the shape of the container they are in.

Question 33

Largely because of Bandura’s work, modeling has become an important tool for behavior therapists.

Answer 33

True

Question 34

Model can influence observers behavior in 3 main ways.

Answer 34

1. A models behavior can facilitate responses the observer already knows how to perform.
2. An observer may learn how to produce totally new behaviors.
3. Undesired responses such as fear reactions to harmless objects or situations (phobias), can be reduced or eliminated through observational work.

Question 35

Graduated Modeling

Answer 35

Method of progressing from simple to more demanding behaviors.

Question 36

The best therapeutic example of the training of totally new behaviors through modeling comes from the work of Lovaas

Answer 36

True

Question 37

Participant modeling

Answer 37

The model first performs a behavior related to the phobia and then the patient imitates the behaviors of the model.