Chap 10

Question 1

Apocrine glands

Answer 1

Coiled structures attached to hair follicles found in the under arm and general areas that secrete sweat.

Question 2

Arrector pili muscle

Answer 2

Small, involuntary muscles in the base of the hair follicle that cause goose flesh when the appendage contracts, sometimes called goosebumps and papillae.

Question 3

Barrier function

Answer 3

Protective barrier of the epidermis; the corneum and intercellular matrix protects the surface from irritation the dehydration.

Question 4

Ceramides

Answer 4

Glycolipid materials that are a natural part of the skins intercellular matrix and barrier function.

Question 5

Collagen

Answer 5

Fibrous, connective tissue made from protein; found in the reticular layer of the dermis; gives skin its firmness. Topically, a large, long – chain molecular protein that lies on the top of the skin and binds water; derived from the placentas of cow or other sources.

Question 6

Corneocytes

Answer 6

Another name for a stratum corneum cell. Hardened, waterproof, protective keratinocytes; these dead protein cells are dried out and lack nuclei.

Question 7

Dermal papillae

Answer 7

Membranes of ridges and grooves that attach to the epidermis; contains nerve endings and supplies nourishment through capillaries to skin and follicles.

Question 8

Dermis

Answer 8

Also known as the derma, corium, cutis or true skin; support layer of connective tissue, collagen, and elastin below the epidermis.

Question 9

Desmosomes

Answer 9

The structures that assist in holding cells together; intercellular connections made of proteins.

Question 10

Eccrine glands

Answer 10

Sweat glands found all over the body with openings on the skin surface through pores; not attached to the hair follicles, secretions do not produce an offensive odor.

Question 11

Elastin

Answer 11

Protein fiber found in the dermis; gives skin its elasticity and firmness.

Question 12

Epidermal growth factor

Answer 12

Abbreviated EGF; stimulates cells to reproduce and heal.

Question 13

Epidermis

Answer 13

Outermost layer of the skin; a thin, protective layer with many cells, mechanisms, and nerve endings. It is made up of five layers stratum corneum, stratum lucidum, stratum granulosum, stratum spinosum and stratum germinativum.

Question 14

Eumelanin

Answer 14

A type of melanin that is dark brown to black in color. People with dark colored skin mostly produce eumelanin. There are two types of melanin the other type is pheomelanin.

Question 15

Fibroblasts

Answer 15

Cells that stimulates cells, collagen, and amino acids that form proteins.

Question 16

Glycation

Answer 16

Caused by an elevation in blood sugar, glycation is the binding of a protein molecule to a glucose molecule resulting in the formation of damage, nonfunctioning structures, known as advanced glycation end products. Glycation alters protein structures and decreases biological activity.

Question 17

Hair Papillae

Answer 17

Cone – shaped elevations at the base of the follicle that fit into the hair bulb. The papillae are filled with tissue that contains the blood vessels and cells necessary for hair growth and follicle nourishment.

Question 18

Hyaluronic acid

Answer 18

Hydrating fluids found in the skin; hydrophilic agent with water -binding properties.

Question 19

Intercellular matrix

Answer 19

Lipid substances between corneum cells that protect the cells from water loss and irritation.

Question 20

Keratin

Answer 20

Fibrous proteins of cells that is also the principal component of skin, hair, and nails; provides resiliency and protection.

Question 21

Keratinocytes

Answer 21

Epidermal cells composed of keratin, lipids, and other proteins.

Question 22

Langerhans immune cells

Answer 22

Guard cells of the immune system that sense unrecognized foreign invaders, such as bacteria, and then process these antigens for removal through the lymph system.

Question 23

Leukocytes

Answer 23

White blood cells that have enzymes to protect and kill bacteria and parasites. These white blood cells also respond to allergies.

Question 24

Lymph vessels

Answer 24

Located in the dermis, these supply nourishment within the skin and remove waste.

Question 25

Melanin

Answer 25

Tiny grains of pigment that are produced by melanocytes and deposited into cells in the stratum germinativum layer of the epidermis and in the papillary layer of the dermis. It is a protein that determines hair, eye, and skin color; a defense mechanism to protect skin from the sun.

Question 26

Melanocytes

Answer 26

Cells that produce skin pigment granules in the basal layer.

Question 27

Melanosomes

Answer 27

Pigment carrying granules that produce melanin, a complex protein.

Question 28

Papillary layer

Answer 28

Top layer of the dermis next to the epidermis.

Question 29

Pheomelanin

Answer 29

A type of melanin that is red and yellow in color. People with light colored skin mostly produce pheomelanin. There are two types of melanin; the other is eumelanin.

Question 30

Pores

Answer 30

Tube – like opening for sweat glands on the epidermis.

Question 31

Reticular layer

Answer 31

Deeper layer of the epidermis that supplies the skin with oxygen and nutrients; contains fat cells, blood vessels, sudoriferious glands, hair follicles, lymph vessels, arrector pili muscles, sebaceous glands, and nerve endings.

Question 32

Rosacea

Answer 32

Chronic condition that appears primarily on the cheeks and nose and is characterized by flushing (redness), telangiectasis (distended or dilated surface blood vessels) and in some cases, the formation of papules and pustules.

Question 33

Sebaceous glands

Answer 33

Also known as oil glands; protect the surface of the skin. Sebaceous glands are appendages connected to follicles.

Question 34

Sebum

Answer 34

Oil that provides protection for the epidermis from external factors and lubricates both the skin and hair.

Question 35

Stratum corneum

Answer 35

Also known as horny layer; outermost layer of the epidermis, composed of corneocytes.

Question 36

Stratum germinativum

Answer 36

Also known as basal layer; active layer of the epidermis above the papillary layer of the dermis; cell mitosis takes place here that produces new epidermal skin cells and is responsible for growth.

Question 37

Stratum lucidum

Answer 37

Clear, transparent layer of the epidermis under the stratum corneum; thickest on the palms of hands and soles of feet.

Question 38

Stratum spinosum

Answer 38

Also known as spiny layer; layer of the epidermis above the stratum germinativum layer containing desmosomes, the intercellular connections made of proteins.

Question 39

Subcutaneous layer

Answer 39

Also known as hypodermis; subcutaneous adipose fat tissue located beneath the dermis; a protective cushion and energy storage for the body.

Question 40

Subcutis tissue

Answer 40

Also known as adipose tissue; fatty tissue found below the dermis that give smoothness and contour to the body, contains fat used as energy, and also acts as a protective cushion for the outer skin.

Question 41

Sudoriferious glands

Answer 41

Also known as sweat glands; excrete perspiration, regulate body temperature, and detoxify the body by excreting excess salt and unwanted chemicals.

Question 42

T-cells

Answer 42

Identify molecules that have foreign peptides and also help regulate immune response.

Question 43

Telangiectasia

Answer 43

Capillaries and have been damaged and are now large, or distended, blood vessels; commonly called couperose skin.

Question 44

Transepidermal water loss

Answer 44

Abbreviated TEWL; water loss caused by evaporation of the skin surface.

Question 45

Tyrosinase

Answer 45

The enzyme that stimulates melanocytes and thus produces melanin.

Question 46

UVA radiation

Answer 46

Also known as aging rays; longer wavelength ranging between 320 to 400 nanometers that penetrate deeper into the skin than UVB; cause genetic damage and cell death. UVA contributes up to 95 percent of the sun’s ultraviolet radiation.

Question 47

UVB radiation

Answer 47

Also known as burning rays; UVB wavelength range between 292 320 nanometers. UVB rays have a shorter, burning wavelengths that are stronger and more damaging than UVA rays. UVB causes burning of the skin as well as tanning, skin aging, and cancer.