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SEM II - Patient Care > Chap. 10, 11, 13, 14 > Flashcards

Chap. 10, 11, 13, 14 Flashcards

0
Q

Homeostasis

A

Balance or maintaining of the internal environment of the body.

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1
Q

Vital signs

A

A collection of primary mechanisms that adapt to internal or external fluctuations and adjust accordingly to maintain homeostasis.

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2
Q

Purpose of vital signs

A

To provide a fast set of objective data regarding a patients condition.

Can be used in emergency situations, before, during, or after treatment to evaluate a patients current condition.

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3
Q

Vital sign inclusions

A

Temperature
Pulse rate
Blood pressure
Respiratory rate

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4
Q

Level of consciousness

A

Sensorium or patients level of alertness

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5
Q

Thermoregulation

A

The bodies adaptive abilities to extreme external variations.

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6
Q

Regulation of body temperature

A

Hypothalamus gland
Too high - vasodilation and sweating
Too low - vasoconstriction and shivering

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7
Q

Oral temperature (under tongue)

A

Most commonly used method for obtaining temperature.

Quick and fairly accurate (30sec-3min)

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8
Q

Axillary (arm pit)

A

The most inaccurate way to obtain a temperature.

Takes the longest time (5-10 min)

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9
Q

Tympanic (ear)

A 
Very common way to obtain temperature. 
Fastest way (3 seconds is common)
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10
Q

Rectal temperature

A

Most accurate way to obtain a temperature also the most invasive.

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11
Q

Temporal temperature.

A

The newest method. Instant readout.
Swipe across forehead, non invasive.
Consistent with rectal temperatures.

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12
Q

Hyperthermia - aka febrile

A

Oral temperature over 99.5 degrees Fahrenheit.

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13
Q

Hypothermia

A

Oral temperature under 97.7 due to prolonged exposure to cold temperatures.

In surgery to slow down body’s metabolic rate.

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14
Q

Respiratory system

A

Responsible for oxynigation of blood, carries oxygen throughout body, expels carbon dioxide from the body.
One inspiration and expiration.

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15
Q

Respiratory rate

A

Number of respiration that occur in one minute.
Adults - 12-20/min
Child - 20-30/min (under age 10)
Newborn - 30-60/min

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16
Q

Tachypnea

A

Increased respirations above the normal range.

Commonly caused by exercise, fever, pain, anxiety, infection, decreased oxygen in blood, and CNS disease.

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17
Q

Bradypnea

A

Decreased respirations below normal range.

Commonly caused by drug overdoses, head trauma and hypothermia.

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18
Q

Dyspnea

A

Difficulty breathing

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19
Q

Apnea

A

Absence of breathing.

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20
Q

Where to measure pulse rate

A 
Radial artery (thumb side of wrist)
Brachial artery (front of elbow)
Carotid artery (neck)
Popliteal (back of knee)
Apical (w/stethoscope listening to chest wall)
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21
Q

Normal pulse ranges

A

Adults: 60-100 bpm
Babies: 100-160 bpm
Children 1-10 y/o: 70-120 bpm
Athletes: 40-60 bpm

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22
Q

Tachycardia

A

An increase of 10 bpm in a resting adult or over 100 bpm

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23
Q

Bradycardia

A

Under 60 bpm for adults

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24
Q

Blood pressure

A

The measurement of the force of the blood on the arterial walls during contraction and relaxation.

First audible pulse is systolic and last pulse is diastolic.

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25
Q

Systolic blood pressure

A

The peak pressure found during the contraction phase of the heart.

Left ventricular contraction

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26
Q

Diastolic blood pressure

A

The pressure found during the relaxation phase of the heart.

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27
Q

Normal blood pressure

A

120/80 (systolic/diastolic)

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28
Q

Hypertension

A

Blood pressure over 140/90.

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29
Q

Hypotension

A

Blood pressure under 95/60.

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30
Q

Sphygmomanometer

A

Blood pressure cuff.
Strapped to patients arm above elbow - arrow to antecubital space.
Inflated up to 180mm/Hg

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31
Q

Pharmacology

A

The study of drugs in living systems, including side effects. Must be ordered by doctor and with consent of patient.

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32
Q

Drug nomenclature

A 
Given many names before being available to public including:
Chemical name
Code number
Generic name
Brand name
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33
Q

Pharmacokinetics

A

Process of how a drug is absorbed, distributed, metabolized, and eliminated through the human body.

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34
Q

Passive absorption

A

Most common type of drug movement. Drug moves from an area of high concentration to an area of lower concentration (diffusion)

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35
Q

Active absorption

A

Drug attached to a carrier protein.
Protein complex move across the cell membrane, drug gets a piggyback across cell membrane, able to go from high to low concentration.

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36
Q

Distribution of drugs

A

Means by which a drug travels from bloodstream to the target tissue and site of action. Act more quickly in tissues and organs with an abundant blood supply.
Blood brain barrier
Placental barrrier

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37
Q

Metabolism

A

The process by which the body transforms drugs into an inactive form that can be excreted. Chemically changes the drug so it can be excerpted by the body, primarily by the liver but also the kidneys and intestines.

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38
Q

Excretion

A

The elimination of drugs from the body after they have been metabolized primarily through kidneys, lungs and intestines.
Breast milk, sweat, and saliva can also contain drug compounds.

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39
Q

Pharmacodynamics

A

Study of how the effects of a drug are manifested.
Pharmaco= drugs
Dynamics= interaction of the two things (drug & body)

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40
Q

Mechanism of action

A

The method by which a drugs elicit effects are known.

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41
Q

Drug receptor

A

Specific biological sites on a cells surface or within a cell.

42
Q

Affinity

A

Drugs attraction to a specific receptor

43
Q

Efficacy

A

Drugs ability to cause an effect

44
Q

Agonist

A

Stimulates or enhances biological activity/response

45
Q

Antagonist

A

Inhibits or counteracts biological activity/response

46
Q

Potency

A

The relative concentration of a drug required to produce the desired response.

47
Q

Half life

A

The amount of time required for a drug to decline to 50% it’s original concentration.

48
Q

Contraindications

A

A condition that renders the administration of a drug improper or undesirable.
Allergic history.
Interaction with other medications.

49
Q

Side effect

A

A consequence other than the one for which a drug is used.

50
Q

Dosage form

A 
Combination of both the drug and vehicle used to deliver the drug. 
Tablet form. 
Capsule form. 
Compressed suppositories or inserts
Liquid dosage
Parenteral dosage (shot)
Gas dosage
51
Q

Antiarrhythmic drugs

A

Drugs that effect the electrical conduction system of the heart by blocking beta receptors or electrolyte channels.
Goal is to suppress excessive electrical activity in the cardiac system.

52
Q

Anti hypertensive drugs

A

Used to reduce blood pressure to safe levels for long term use. Also increase the life of the heart by decreasing the pressure that the heart must pump.

53
Q

Lipid lowering medications

A

Used to reduce cholesterol levels in the body for long time use.

54
Q

Diuretics

A

Water pills.

Medications designed to eliminate excess fluid and sodium from bloodstream.

55
Q

Anticoagulants

A

Medications that are used to decrease the occurrence or blood clots forming in the body. Commonly called blood thinners.

56
Q

Antiplatelet

A

Most commonly used in patients with a history of an acute ischemic event to the heart or brain. Inhibit blood clot formation.

57
Q

Thrombolytic medications

A

Used to break up newly formed clots (acute myocardial infarction, acute stroke, lower leg ischemia).

58
Q

Analgesic medications

A

Most commonly prescribed group of medications.

Used to treat acute and chronic pain symptoms ranging from headaches to metastatic cancer.

59
Q

Narcotics

A

Medications that stimulate CNS opioid receptors and decrease the perception of pain. Naloxone is given if respiratory arrest occurs to reverse effects.

60
Q

NSAIDs

A

Nonsteroidal Antiinflamitory drugs are used to treat pain associated with inflammation such as arthritis, vasculitis, muscle tears, broken bones, trauma wounds. Inhibit the production and release of chemicals by the body that activate pain receptors (Advil, Aleve).

61
Q

Acetaminophen

A

In a sub class of analgesics by itself. Most common analgesic med in use today. Found in almost all pain medications. (Tylenol).

62
Q

Muscle relaxant

A

Treat pains associated with muscle spasms. Used in situations such as whiplash, spinal trauma, muscle strains and spasms.

63
Q

Antihistamine Medications

A

Medications used to block histamines from producing adverse (allergic effects) such as itching, inflammation, and respiratory distress. (Benedryl)

64
Q

Anti diabetic medications

A

Antihyperglycemics.

Used by patients that have a difficulty maintaining normal amounts of blood sugar.

65
Q

Thyroid medications

A

Used to enhance or inhibit thyroid function.

66
Q

Antipsychotic medications

A

Used to treat psychotic episodes and disorders such as schizophrenia, paranoia, hallucinations, bipolar disorder and anti social behavior.

67
Q

Anti seizure medication

A

Used to prevent or treat seizure disorders.

68
Q

Antidepressants

A

Used to treat clinical depression from neurotransmitter deficiencies.

69
Q

Anti anxiety medications.

A

Used to treat acute and chronic anxiety states.

70
Q

Anti infective agents.

A

Antibiotics and therapeutic agents used to kill or suppress pathogens.

71
Q

Antibiotic agents.

A

Used to kill bacterial organisms.

72
Q

Anti fungal agents.

A

Used to kill fungal (mycotic) organisms.

73
Q

Antiviral agents

A

Used to suppress and limit the spread of viruses.

74
Q

Chemotherapy agents

A

Group of drugs that are extremely toxic. Kill off rapidly growing cancerous cells but also effect healthy cells.

75
Q

Oral route

A

By mouth, usually a pill or tablet. Most common route of drug administration. Mostly absorbed in small intestine, slower less efficient absorption.

76
Q

Sublingual

A

Under the tongue, floor of mouth. Thin epithelium and large capillary network. Direct absorption into blood stream. Do not pass through liver.

77
Q

Buccal route

A

Drug placed between cheek and gums. Thin epithelium and large capillary network, direct absorption into bloodstream, do not pass through liver.

78
Q

Topical

A

Drug placed directly on skin or mucous membrane. Diffuses through skin and absorbed into bloodstream. Do not pass through liver.

79
Q

Rectal administration

A

Drug inserted into the patients rectum used when stomach is unable to hold drug or for children unable to swallow.

80
Q

Parenteral

A

Drugs administered by injection into/through skin.

81
Q

Intradermal (ID)

A

Drugs administered into the upper layers of the skin.

Needle inserted parallel to the skin. Small syringe. Small dosage usually less than 1cc. Usually for alergin testing.

82
Q

Subcutaneous (SQ or SC)

A

Drugs administered into the tissue layers between the skin and muscle. Needle inserted at 45-50degree angle. 25 gauge.

83
Q

Intramuscular (IM)

A

Drug administered into the muscle tissue. Faster drug absorption than IM or SC. Larger dose (usually up to 5 cc). Injection site must be away from nerves, bones, large blood vessels.

84
Q

Intravenous (IV)

A

Drugs administered into a vein. Rapid absorption into a vein.

85
Q

Extravasation

A

Leakage of drug out of vein and into surrounding tissues.

86
Q

Charting

A

Medical legal document that should be chronological and include all events that occurred during their treatment. Must:
Name of drug; dose of drug; route of drug administration; date of administration; time of administration; injection site (if parentarel)

87
Q

mg

A

Milligram

88
Q

ml

A

Milliliter

89
Q

qh

A

Every hour

90
Q

qd

A

Every day

91
Q

bid

A

Twice a day

92
Q

tid

A

Three times a day

93
Q

qid

A

Four times a day

94
Q

q4h

A

Every h hours

95
Q

PO

A

By mouth

96
Q

prn

A

As needed

97
Q

OTC

A

Over the counter

98
Q

OD

A

Right eye

99
Q

OS

A

Left eye

100
Q

OU

A

Both eyes

101
Q

NPO

A

Nothing by mouth

102
Q

VO

A

Verbal order

SEM II - Patient Care (3 decks)

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