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Patho 1 > Chap 1- the cell > Flashcards

Chap 1- the cell Flashcards

1
Q

physiology

A

study of normal functions and processes (nature)

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2
Q

pathology

A

study of cellular abnormalities (suffering)

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3
Q

pathophysiology

A

study of disordered physiological processes associated with disease/injury

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4
Q

etiology

A
  • cause of the disease/problem
  • can be genetic or acquired
  • most diseases are multifactorial- overlap between causes
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5
Q

pathogenesis

A

sequence of events following exposure of cells to stress

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6
Q

critical functions of the cell

A
  • protection
  • movement
  • absorption
  • communication
  • catabolism
  • energy generation
  • excretion
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7
Q

plasma membrane

A
  • boundary of the cell
  • lipid bilayer with hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tail
  • provides protection and barrier for passive or active transport
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8
Q

passive transport

A
  • moving molecules from higher concentration to lower concentration
  • diffusion or osmosis
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9
Q

facilitated diffusion

A

use messenger proteins to move molecules across plasma membrane

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10
Q

active transport

A
  • move molecules against concentration gradient from low to high
  • requires ATP
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11
Q

endocytosis

A

bringing a substance into the cell

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12
Q

pinocytosis

A

cell drinking, taking enzymes and hormones into the cell from outside

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13
Q

phagocytosis

A

cell eating, brings bacteria or other substances in to kill

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14
Q

exocytosis

A

release of materials from inside the cell to outside the cell

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15
Q

cytoskeleton

A
  • cells “bones”

- provides support to maintain shape, polarity, and internal organization

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16
Q

proteins found in the cytoskeleton

A
  • actin filaments
  • intermediate filaments
  • microtubules
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17
Q

actin filaments

A
  • thinnest cytoskeleton protein - used for cell movement, division, and support
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18
Q

microtubules

A
  • largest, most versatile cytoskeleton protein

- separate chromosomes in cell division, movement inside the cell, cell movement i.e. flagella in sperm

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19
Q

occluding junctions

A
  • tight like glue, nothing can leave
  • prevents diffusion of molecules between cells
  • i.e. bladder
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20
Q

anchoring junctions

A
  • holds cell in place
  • transport of very small molecules
  • slightly permeable
  • i.e. skin
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21
Q

communication junction

A
  • allows everything to pass
  • action potential must move from one cell to the next
  • formed by connexins
  • i.e. cardiac cells
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22
Q

Endoplasmic Reticulum

A
  • site of synthesis for transmembrane proteins

- site of synthesis for lipids for plasma membrane and organelles

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23
Q

chaperone molecules

A

keep proteins in E.R. until folding is complete

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24
Q

Smooth E.R.

A
  • synthesize hormones
  • catabolize lipid- soluble molecules
  • sequester intracellular Ca
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25
Q

Rough E.R.

A

ribosomes attached, gives proteins correct fold and shape

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26
Q

golgi apparatus

A
  • “post office” of the cell
  • packaging and processing center
  • sends things to other cell organs
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27
Q

lysosome

A
  • very acidic

- can degrade everything into individual components

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28
Q

heterophagy

A

degrade things from outside the cell i.e. bacteria

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29
Q

autophagy

A

digest own organisms like old mitochondria

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30
Q

proteasome

A
  • only degrades proteins

- chop proteins into short pieces which are further degraded by proteases

31
Q

Mitochondria

A
  • cell “powerhouse”
  • has its own DNA
  • completes oxidative phosphorylation to generate ATP
32
Q

types of cell signaling

A
  • warn nearby cells of damage
  • contact with neighboring cells mediated through adhesion molecules and/or gap junctions
  • contact with ECM
  • secreted molecules
33
Q

autocrine cell signaling

A

signals itself

34
Q

paracrine cell signaling

A

signals nearby cells

35
Q

endocrine cell signaling

A

signals far away cells

36
Q

synaptic cell signaling

A

acts on neurons

37
Q

depending on the receptor type, ligand binding can do the following:

A
  • open ion channels
  • activate associated G proteins
  • activate an endogenous or associated enzyme
  • trigger a proteolytic event or change in protein binding/stability that activates latent transcription factors
38
Q

what do growth factors do?

A
  • required for cell growth, division, and survival
  • promotes cell cycle entry
  • relieve block on cell cycle progression
  • prevent apoptosis
  • enhance biosynthesis of cellular components required for cell division
  • prep cell for cell cycle
39
Q

Extra Cellular Matrix (ECM)

A
  • network of proteins, is a significant portion of any tissue
  • cell interaction with ECM critical for development, healing, and maintenance
  • damage results in scar tissue
  • made up of interstitial and basement membranes
40
Q

interstitial membrane

A

supports and anchors the cell

41
Q

basement membrane

A
  • makes layers
  • in kidneys help with filtration
  • surrounds epithelial cells/endothelial cells/ smooth muscle cells and separates them from connective tissue
42
Q

what is cell proliferation?

A
  • cells divide and replicate

- bases of development, maintenance of homeostasis, and cell turnover

43
Q

cell differentiation

A

cell becomes mature and ready to perform function, can no longer divide

44
Q

relationship between cell differentiation and proliferation

A

if cell differentiation goes up, proliferation goes down and vice versa

45
Q

cell cycle steps

A
  • resting phase
  • G1
  • S
  • G2
  • M
  • Cytokinesis
46
Q

G1 phase

A

preps cell for growth

47
Q

S phase

A

DNA synthesized

48
Q

G2 Phase

A

DNA checked for errors

49
Q

M phase

A

mitosis, nuclear division

50
Q

Cytokinesis

A

separate cytoplasm into two daughter cells

51
Q

what properties must cells exhibit to be considered stem cells?

A
  • self renewal- divide without end
  • clonogenic- ability to clone itself
  • multipotent- develop into multiple cell types
52
Q

asymmetric division

A

in stem cells, gives one mature cell and one daughter stem cell

53
Q

embryonic stem cells

A
  • very young and undifferentiated
  • obtained from an embryo
  • totipotent
54
Q

totipotent

A

can develop into anything

55
Q

tissue stem cells

A
  • adult stem cells
  • oligopotent
  • found in stem cell niches
  • most studied type of stem cell
56
Q

oligopotent

A

cannot develop into anything, can only develop into limited number of things

57
Q

simple squamous cells

A
  • epithelium tissue
  • fn- passage of material by diffusion and filtration
  • located in kidney glomeruli, alveoli, capillaries
58
Q

stratified squamous cells

A
  • epithelium tissue
  • fn- protection
  • located in skin, lining of mouth/ esophagus
59
Q

simple cuboidal cells

A
  • epithelium tissue
  • fn- secretion and absorption
  • located in kidney tubules,ducts of glands, ovaries
60
Q

simple columnar cells

A
  • epithelium tissue
  • fn- secretion and absorption
  • located in digestive tract, gallbladder
61
Q

transitional cells

A
  • epithelium tissue
  • fn- stretching
  • located in bladder
62
Q

cardiac muscle

A
  • fn- involuntary contracture to propel blood

- located in heart

63
Q

skeletal muscle

A

voluntary movements

64
Q

smooth muscle

A
  • fn- involuntary contracture, propels substances

- located in walls of hollow organs

65
Q

nervous tissue

A
  • fn- transmit signals

- located in nerves, brain, spinal cord

66
Q

bone

A
  • connective tissue

- fn- support and protect

67
Q

hyaline cartilage

A
  • connective tissue
  • fn- supports, reinforces, cushions
  • located in ribs, nose, embryo
68
Q

fibrocartilage

A
  • connective tissue
  • fn- absorb shock
  • located in discs
69
Q

elastic cartilage

A
  • connective tissue
  • fn- maintain shape
  • located in ear
70
Q

dense tissue

A
  • connective tissue
  • fn- attaches bone to bone or muscle to bone
  • located in tendons and ligaments
71
Q

adipose tissue

A
  • connective tissue
  • fn- cushioning, heat source, energy source
  • located under skin
72
Q

reticular tissue

A
  • connective tissue
  • fn- fibers support other cells
  • located in spleen, bone marrow, nodes
73
Q

blood

A
  • connective tissue
  • fn- transport nutrients and wastes
  • located in arteries and veins

Patho 1 (12 decks)

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