Chap 1- the cell Flashcards
1
Q
physiology
A
study of normal functions and processes (nature)
2
Q
pathology
A
study of cellular abnormalities (suffering)
3
Q
pathophysiology
A
study of disordered physiological processes associated with disease/injury
4
Q
etiology
A
- cause of the disease/problem
- can be genetic or acquired
- most diseases are multifactorial- overlap between causes
5
Q
pathogenesis
A
sequence of events following exposure of cells to stress
6
Q
critical functions of the cell
A
- protection
- movement
- absorption
- communication
- catabolism
- energy generation
- excretion
7
Q
plasma membrane
A
- boundary of the cell
- lipid bilayer with hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tail
- provides protection and barrier for passive or active transport
8
Q
passive transport
A
- moving molecules from higher concentration to lower concentration
- diffusion or osmosis
9
Q
facilitated diffusion
A
use messenger proteins to move molecules across plasma membrane
10
Q
active transport
A
- move molecules against concentration gradient from low to high
- requires ATP
11
Q
endocytosis
A
bringing a substance into the cell
12
Q
pinocytosis
A
cell drinking, taking enzymes and hormones into the cell from outside
13
Q
phagocytosis
A
cell eating, brings bacteria or other substances in to kill
14
Q
exocytosis
A
release of materials from inside the cell to outside the cell
15
Q
cytoskeleton
A
- cells “bones”
- provides support to maintain shape, polarity, and internal organization
16
Q
proteins found in the cytoskeleton
A
- actin filaments
- intermediate filaments
- microtubules
17
Q
actin filaments
A
- thinnest cytoskeleton protein - used for cell movement, division, and support
18
Q
microtubules
A
- largest, most versatile cytoskeleton protein
- separate chromosomes in cell division, movement inside the cell, cell movement i.e. flagella in sperm
19
Q
occluding junctions
A
- tight like glue, nothing can leave
- prevents diffusion of molecules between cells
- i.e. bladder
20
Q
anchoring junctions
A
- holds cell in place
- transport of very small molecules
- slightly permeable
- i.e. skin
21
Q
communication junction
A
- allows everything to pass
- action potential must move from one cell to the next
- formed by connexins
- i.e. cardiac cells
22
Q
Endoplasmic Reticulum
A
- site of synthesis for transmembrane proteins
- site of synthesis for lipids for plasma membrane and organelles
23
Q
chaperone molecules
A
keep proteins in E.R. until folding is complete
24
Q
Smooth E.R.
A
- synthesize hormones
- catabolize lipid- soluble molecules
- sequester intracellular Ca
25
Rough E.R.
ribosomes attached, gives proteins correct fold and shape
26
golgi apparatus
- "post office" of the cell
- packaging and processing center
- sends things to other cell organs
27
lysosome
- very acidic
| - can degrade everything into individual components
28
heterophagy
degrade things from outside the cell i.e. bacteria
29
autophagy
digest own organisms like old mitochondria
30
proteasome
- only degrades proteins
| - chop proteins into short pieces which are further degraded by proteases
31
Mitochondria
- cell "powerhouse"
- has its own DNA
- completes oxidative phosphorylation to generate ATP
32
types of cell signaling
- warn nearby cells of damage
- contact with neighboring cells mediated through adhesion molecules and/or gap junctions
- contact with ECM
- secreted molecules
33
autocrine cell signaling
signals itself
34
paracrine cell signaling
signals nearby cells
35
endocrine cell signaling
signals far away cells
36
synaptic cell signaling
acts on neurons
37
depending on the receptor type, ligand binding can do the following:
- open ion channels
- activate associated G proteins
- activate an endogenous or associated enzyme
- trigger a proteolytic event or change in protein binding/stability that activates latent transcription factors
38
what do growth factors do?
- required for cell growth, division, and survival
- promotes cell cycle entry
- relieve block on cell cycle progression
- prevent apoptosis
- enhance biosynthesis of cellular components required for cell division
- prep cell for cell cycle
39
Extra Cellular Matrix (ECM)
- network of proteins, is a significant portion of any tissue
- cell interaction with ECM critical for development, healing, and maintenance
- damage results in scar tissue
- made up of interstitial and basement membranes
40
interstitial membrane
supports and anchors the cell
41
basement membrane
- makes layers
- in kidneys help with filtration
- surrounds epithelial cells/endothelial cells/ smooth muscle cells and separates them from connective tissue
42
what is cell proliferation?
- cells divide and replicate
| - bases of development, maintenance of homeostasis, and cell turnover
43
cell differentiation
cell becomes mature and ready to perform function, can no longer divide
44
relationship between cell differentiation and proliferation
if cell differentiation goes up, proliferation goes down and vice versa
45
cell cycle steps
- resting phase
- G1
- S
- G2
- M
- Cytokinesis
46
G1 phase
preps cell for growth
47
S phase
DNA synthesized
48
G2 Phase
DNA checked for errors
49
M phase
mitosis, nuclear division
50
Cytokinesis
separate cytoplasm into two daughter cells
51
what properties must cells exhibit to be considered stem cells?
- self renewal- divide without end
- clonogenic- ability to clone itself
- multipotent- develop into multiple cell types
52
asymmetric division
in stem cells, gives one mature cell and one daughter stem cell
53
embryonic stem cells
- very young and undifferentiated
- obtained from an embryo
- totipotent
54
totipotent
can develop into anything
55
tissue stem cells
- adult stem cells
- oligopotent
- found in stem cell niches
- most studied type of stem cell
56
oligopotent
cannot develop into anything, can only develop into limited number of things
57
simple squamous cells
- epithelium tissue
- fn- passage of material by diffusion and filtration
- located in kidney glomeruli, alveoli, capillaries
58
stratified squamous cells
- epithelium tissue
- fn- protection
- located in skin, lining of mouth/ esophagus
59
simple cuboidal cells
- epithelium tissue
- fn- secretion and absorption
- located in kidney tubules,ducts of glands, ovaries
60
simple columnar cells
- epithelium tissue
- fn- secretion and absorption
- located in digestive tract, gallbladder
61
transitional cells
- epithelium tissue
- fn- stretching
- located in bladder
62
cardiac muscle
- fn- involuntary contracture to propel blood
| - located in heart
63
skeletal muscle
voluntary movements
64
smooth muscle
- fn- involuntary contracture, propels substances
| - located in walls of hollow organs
65
nervous tissue
- fn- transmit signals
| - located in nerves, brain, spinal cord
66
bone
- connective tissue
| - fn- support and protect
67
hyaline cartilage
- connective tissue
- fn- supports, reinforces, cushions
- located in ribs, nose, embryo
68
fibrocartilage
- connective tissue
- fn- absorb shock
- located in discs
69
elastic cartilage
- connective tissue
- fn- maintain shape
- located in ear
70
dense tissue
- connective tissue
- fn- attaches bone to bone or muscle to bone
- located in tendons and ligaments
71
adipose tissue
- connective tissue
- fn- cushioning, heat source, energy source
- located under skin
72
reticular tissue
- connective tissue
- fn- fibers support other cells
- located in spleen, bone marrow, nodes
73
blood
- connective tissue
- fn- transport nutrients and wastes
- located in arteries and veins
