Chap 1- Stats intro

Question 1

Statistics

Answer 1

1. ) mathematical procedure –> organizing, summarizing and interpreting information
2. ) numerical value that describes sample
   - -> derived from individuals in sample

Question 2

Population

Answer 2

set of all individuals of interest in a study

Question 3

Sample

Answer 3

set of individuals selected from pop

-intended to represent the pop in research study

Question 4

Variable

Answer 4

characteristic or condition that varies

Question 5

Data

Answer 5

(pural) measurement or observation

Question 6

Data set

Answer 6

collection of measurement or observations

Question 7

Datum

Answer 7

(singular) single measurement or observation –> score or raw score

Question 8

Parameter

Answer 8

• value/numerical value that describes population

- from measurements of individuals in the population

Question 9

Descriptive statistic

Answer 9

statistical procedure –> summarize, organize and simplify data

Question 10

Inferential statistics

Answer 10

-technique –> study samples and make generalization about the pop from which they are selected

Question 11

Sampling error

Answer 11

naturally occurring

- discrepancy/error between populations parameter and samples statistics

Question 12

Correlation method

Answer 12

Two dif. Variables are observed to determine whether there is a relationship between

Question 13

experimental method

Answer 13

one variable is manipulated while the variable is observed and measured.

• establish cause and effect relationship between the two variables.
• experiment attempts to control all of the other variables to prevent them from influencing the results

Question 14

percentile

Answer 14

in Ordered series

- it’s the POINT @ or BELOW, where half the scores lie

Question 15

independent variable

Answer 15

• variables manipulated the experimenter, independently of all other variables
• hypothesized to be causal

Question 16

subjective variable

Answer 16

• Intrinsic characteristic research subject (height, IQ, ect)
• researcher is UNABLE to manipulate
• hypothesis to be causal

Question 17

dependent variable

Answer 17

behavioral variable measured to determine :
effect of independent variable
possible effect of the subject variable

Question 18

control condition

Answer 18

• DO NOT receive experimental treatment
• receive no treatment or a placebo treatment
• provides a baseline for comparison with the experimental condition

Question 19

experimental condition

Answer 19

to receive the experimental treatment

Question 20

quasi independent variable

Answer 20

in a non experimental study

the “independent variable” that is used to create the different groups of scores

Question 21

constructs

Answer 21

internal attributions are characteristics

-Cannot be directly observed but are useful for describing and explaining Behavior

Question 22

operational definition

Answer 22

identifies a measurement procedure for a set of operations

• for measuring an external behavior and uses the resulting measurements as a definition and hypothetical construct
  1) describe a set of operations for measuring a construct
  2) defines the construction terms of the resulting measurements

Question 23

discrete variable

Answer 23

consists of separate, indivisible categories.

-no values can exist between two neighboring categories

Question 24

continuous variable

Answer 24

there are an infinite number of possible values that fall between any two observed values
-a continuous variable is divisible into a infinite number of fractional parts.

Question 25

real limits

Answer 25

boundaries of intervals for scores that are represented on a continuous number line
- real limit separating two adjacent scores is located exactly halfway between the scores
A) upper real limit= at the top of the interval
B) lower real limit= at the bottom of the interval

Question 26

nominal scale

Answer 26

consists of a set of categories that have different names
- measurements on a nominal scale label and categorize observations
- measurements on a normal nominal scale DO NOT make any quantitative distinctions between observations
(use bar graphs)

Question 27

ordinal scale

Answer 27

a set of categories that are organized in an ordered sequence
- measurements on an ordinal scale rank observations in terms of size or magnitude
(use bar graphs)

Question 28

interval scale

Answer 28

order categories that are all intervals of exactly the same size
- equal differences between numbers on scale reflect equal differences in magnitude
- 0 on the interval scale is arbitrary and does not indicate a zero amount of the variable being measured
(use histogram graphs)

Question 29

a ratio scale

Answer 29

interval scale with the additional features of an absolute zero point
- ratios of numbers to reflect ratios magnitude
(use histogram graphs)

Question 30

Box and Whiskers plot

Answer 30

• skewed : right = positive, left= negative
  a. ) whiskers differ in length
  b. ) (median minus the first quartile does not equal the 3rd quartile minus the median
  c. ) same thing for the minium score and max scores interactions with the median

Question 31

deviation score

Answer 31

• number: the actual distance form the ,mean in unites measured
• sign: tells us the direction from the mean
• -> problem = unit sign fucks with statistics therefore…
  a. ) use ‘average deviation’ = mean of |dev. score| ( doesn’t reflect population
  b) avg of squared dev. –> variance