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Chap 1- Foundations Of Structural Kinesiology Flashcards

1
Q

Structural Kinesiology

A

The study of muscles, bones, and joints as they are involved in the science of movement

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2
Q

Fetal Position

A

Lying on either side with spine flexed, head flexed toward chest, and extremities flexed and drawn toward the torso

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3
Q

Hook Lying (dorsal recumbent)

A

Lying supine with hips flexed approximately 45° and knees flex approximately 90° with feet flat on the surface

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4
Q

Lateral recumbent (lateral decubitus position)

A

Lying on the side (R or L) knees and hips may be straight/slightly flexed

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5
Q

Long sitting

A

Sitting with legs extended forward, toes pointed; trunk erect, and hands on hips

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6
Q

Prone

A

Face-downward position of the body; lying on the stomach

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7
Q

Short sitting

A

Sitting upright with knees flexed and hanging over the edge of the surface

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8
Q

Supine

A

Face-upward position of the body; lying on the back

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9
Q

Mid-axillary line

A

A line running vertically down the surface of the body passing through the apex of the axilla (armpit)

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10
Q

Mid-sternal line

A

A line running vertically down the surface of the body passing through the middle of the sternum

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11
Q

Anterior axillary line

A

A line that is parallel to the mid-axillary line and passes through the anterior axillary skinfold

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12
Q

Posterior axillary line

A

A line that is parallel to the mid-axillary line and passes through the posterior axillary skinfold

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13
Q

Mid-clavicular line

A

A line running vertically down the surface is the body passing through the midpoint of the clavicle

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14
Q

Mid-inguinal point

A

A point midway between the anterior superior iliac spine and the pubic symphysis

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15
Q

Scapula line

A

A line running vertically down the posterior surface of the body passing through the inferior angle of the scapula

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16
Q

Vertebral line

A

A line running vertically down through the spinous processes of the spine

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17
Q

Anatomical position

A

Standing in upright posture, facing straight ahead, feet parallel and close and palms facing forward

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18
Q

Fundamental position

A

Same as anatomical position except arms are at sides with palms facing the body
Ex. Fetal, hook lying, lateral recumbent, long sitting, prone, short sitting, supine

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19
Q

Anterior

A

In front or in the front part

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20
Q

Anterioinferior

A

In front and below

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21
Q

Anterolateral

A

In front and to the outside

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22
Q

Anteromedial

A

In front and toward the inner side/midline

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23
Q

Anterioposterior

A

Relating to both front and rear

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24
Q

Anterosuperior

A

In front and above

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25
Bilateral
Right and left sides of the body/of a body structure Ex. R and L extremities
26
Caudal
Below in relation to another structure; inferior
27
Caudocephalad
Directionally from tail to head in the long axis of the body
28
Cephalic
Above in relation to another structure; higher; superior
29
Cephalocaudal
Directionally from head to tail in the long axis of the body
30
Contralateral
Pertaining/ relating to the opposite side
31
Deep
Beneath/below the surface; used to describe relative depth/location of muscles or tissues
32
Dexter
Relating to, or situated to the right or on the right side of, something
33
Distal
Situated away from the center/midline of the body, or away from the point of origin
34
Dorsal (dorsum)
Relating to the back, being or located near, on, or toward the back, posterior part/upper surface of; also relating to the top of the foot
35
Fibular
Fibular (lateral) side of the knee, leg, ankle, foot Referred to as peroneal when specifically referring to lateral leg
36
Inferior (infra)
Below in relation to another structure; caudal
37
Inferolateral
Below and toward the midline/inside
38
Ipsilateral
On the same side
39
Lateral
On or to the side; outside, farther from the median/midsagittal plane
40
Medial
Relating to the middle/center; nearer to the median/midsagittal plane
41
Median
Relating to, located in, or extending toward the middle; situated in the middle, medial
42
Palmar
Relating to the palm/volar aspect of the hand
43
Plantar
Relating to the sole/undersurface of the foot
44
Posterior
Behind, in back, or in the rear
45
Posterioinferior
Behind/ in back and below
46
Posterolateral
Behind and to one side, specifically to the outside
47
Posteromedial
Behind and to the inner side
48
Posterosuperior
Behind or in back and above
49
Proximal
Nearest the trunk or the point of origin
50
Proximodistal
From the center of the body out toward the distal ends of appendages
51
Radial
Relating to the radial (lateral) side of the forearm/hand
52
Rostral
Near or toward the head, especially the front of the head
53
scapular plane
In line with the normal resting position of the scapula as it lies on the posterior rib cage; movement btw in the scapular plane are in line with the scapular, which is at an of 30 to 45° from the frontal plane
54
Sinister
Relating to, or situated to the left or in the left side of, something
55
Superficial
Near the surface; used to describe relative depth/location of muscles or tissues
56
Superior (supra)
Above in relation to another structure; higher, cephalic
57
Superolateral
Above and to the outside
58
Superomedial
Above and toward the midline/inside
59
Tibial
Relating to the tibial (medial) side of the knee, leg, ankle or foot
60
Ulnar
Relating to the ulnar (medial) side of the forearm or hand
61
Ventral
Relating to the belly/abdomen, on or toward the front, anterior part of
62
Volar
Relating to palm of the hand/sole of the foot
63
Anteversion
Abnormal/excessive rotation forward of a structure, such as femoral anteversion
64
Kyphosis
Increased curving of the spine outward/backward in the sagittal plane
65
Lordosis
Increased curving of the spine inward/forward in the sagittal plane
66
Recurvatum
Bending backwards, as in knee hyperextension
67
Retroversion
Abnormal/excessive rotation backward of a structure Ex. Femoral retroversion
68
Scoliosis
Lateral curving of the spine
69
Valgus
Outward angulation of the distal segment of a bone/joint Ex. Knock-knees
70
Varus
Inward angulation of the distal segment of a bone/joint Ex. Bowlegs
71
3 cardinal planes
1. Midsagittal plane 2. Median plane 3. Parasagittal plane
72
Sagittal Plane (anterioposterior, AP plane)
Bisects body from front to back, dividing it into R and L symmetrical halves Flexion and extension movements (ex. Bicep curls, knee extensions, sit-ups)
73
Frontal Plane (coronal, lateral plane)
Bisects the body laterally from side to side, dividing into front (ventral) and back (dorsal) halves Abduction and adduction movements (ex. Jumping jacks- shoulder and hip, spinal lateral flexion)
74
Transverse Plane (axial, horizontal)
Divides body into superior (cephalic) and inferior (caudal) halves Rotation movements (forearm pronation and supination and spinal rotation)
75
Long bones
Long cylindrical shaft with relatively wide, protruding ends; serve as levers Shaft contains medullary cavity Ex. Phalanges, metatarsals, metacarpals, tibia, fibula, femur, radius, ulna, and humerus
76
Short bones
Small cube-shaped, solid bones that usually have a proportionally large articulated surface in order to articulate with more than one bone Shirt bones provide some shock absorption and include the carpals and tarsals
77
Flat bones
Usually having a curved surface and varying from thick (where tendons attach) to very thin Flat bones generally provide protection and include ilium, ribs, sternum, clavicle and scapula
78
Irregular bones
Irregular-shaped bones serve a variety of purposes and include the bones throughout the entire space and the ischium, pubis and maxilla
79
Sesamoid bones (accessory bones)
Small bones embedded within the tendon of a musculotendinous unit that provide protection as well as improve the mechanical advantage of units. Ex. Smaller joints in the distal extremities of the foot, ankle, and hand (aren’t always symmetrical)
80
Diaphysis
Shaft in long bone that is cylindrical portion of bone
81
Cortex
Hard, dense, compact bone that forms the wall of the diaphysis
82
Periosteum
Dense, fibrous membrane that makes up the outer surface of diaphysis
83
Endosteum
Fibrous membrane that covers inside of the cortex
84
Medullary cavity (marrow cavity)
Contains yellow/fatty marrow Located between the walls of the diaphysis
85
Epiphysis
At each end of long bone, usually enlarged and shaped specifically to join with the epiphysis of an adjacent bone at a joint
86
Cancellous/trabecular bone
Spongy material that forms the epiphysis
87
Epiphyseal plate (growth plate)
Thin plate of cartilage that separates the diaphysis and epiphysis during bony growth
88
Articular/hyaline cartilage
Covers the epiphysis and provides cushioning effect and reduces friction to facilitate smooth, easy movement at joints
89
Endochondral bones
Skeletal bones that develop from hyaline cartilage
90
Process of bone development and growth
- Development from embryo- hyaline cartilage masses grow rapidly into structures shaped similarly to bones they’ll become - growth continues and cartilage changes into long bone - bones continue to grow longitudinally while the epiphyseal plates are open (plates close around adolescence and disappear) -growth in diameter continued throughout life (internal layer of periosteum building new concentric layers on old layers)
91
Osteoblasts
Specialized cells that form new bone
92
Osteoclasts
Specialized cells that resorb old bone
93
Wolff’s Law
Bone in a healthy individual will adapt to the loads under which it is placed (bone adaptation to stress) Ex. When a bone is subjected to increased loading, the bone will remodel itself over time to become stronger and resist that type of loading
94
Bone processes
Form joints/serve as a point of attachment for muscles, tendons, or ligaments Ex. Elevations and projections
95
Bone cavities
Aka depressions, include openings and grooves that contain tendons, vessels, nerves, and spaces for other structures
96
Arthrosis (joints)
Some have no movement, some haven slightly movable, and others freely movable
97
2 types of synarthrodial (immovable) joints
Suture and Gomphosis
98
Suture
Synarthrodial joint found in the cranial bones
99
Gomphosis
Synarthrodial joint found in the sockets of the teeth (conical peg fits into a socket)
100
3 types of amphiarthrodial (slightly movable) joints
Syndesmosis, symphysis, and synchondrosis
101
Syndesmosis
Type of joint held together by strong ligamentous structures that allow minimal movement between the bones Ex. Coracoclavicular joint and the inferior tibiofibulae joint
102
Symphysis
Type of joint separated by a fibrocartilage pad that allows very slight movement between the bones Ex. Symphysis pubis and the intervertebral disks
103
Synchromdrosis
Type of joint separated by hyaline cartilage that allows very slight movement between the bones Ex. Costochondral joints of the ribs with the sternum

OT Physiology (1 decks)

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