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Praxis Chapter One > Chap 1: anatomy neuro anatomy and physiology of speech mech > Flashcards

Chap 1: anatomy neuro anatomy and physiology of speech mech Flashcards

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0
Q

Respiration structures (6)

A 
lungs
bronchi
trachea
spinal column
sternum
Rib cage
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1
Q

Define: respiration, phonation, resonation as applies to SLP

A

Resp: energy for speech
Phon: voicing and structures create voice
Reson: voice or laryngeal tone that is modified by supra laryngeal cavitities and structures

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2
Q

Respiratory patterns during speech production

A

Inspiration -> brings oxygen to blood
Expiration -> rid of air/gas from resp metabolism
When CO2 excess -> need O2 medulla mess 2 Resp muscles
Inspir: exchange O2 & CO2 -

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3
Q

How do we inspire and expire?

A
  1. Diaphragm & Resp muscles expand ribs&lungs inhale air
    Lungs expand -> pressure w/in lungs compared 2 outside lungs is reduced -> air moves lungs =izing pressures in & out lungs
  2. Contract reduce chest -> + press w/in lungs, exhalation
  3. Exhale vf vibrate 4 speech -> depending sit maybe longer or deeper
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4
Q

Explain inhalation

A

Inhalation -> chest and lungs expand -> diaphragm lowers-> air flows in nose/mouth -> air goes down pharynx and btw open VF -> air continues downward towards trachea and bronchial tubes -> air reaches lungs

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5
Q

Lungs

A

Exchange gas in Resp in lungs
Rich vascular supply and numerous air sacs
@ Rest inflated 2 40% capacity
Rt lung shorter, broader and bigger bc liver pushes upward

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6
Q

Bronchi

A

Tubes that extend from lungs to trachea
Cartilaginous rings bound by fibroelastic tissue
Bronchi subdivide into BRONCHIOLES
They both divide & bc less cartilaginous & more muscular
Divide until very thin & communicate w/ alveolar ducts ( air sacs)

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7
Q

What is trachea and function?

A

Inhale air goes through larynx to trachea and lungs (expand)
- rings incomplete in back and direct contact w/ esophagus
Cricoid cart connects with 1st trach ring( bigger)
- trach extends from larynx @ 6th vertebra, last ring splits ( bifurcates) into L&R primary bronchi @ 5th thoracic vertebra

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8
Q

What is the spinal column?

A

32-33 individual vertebra (5) segments

  • 7 cervical vertebrae ( C1-C7)
  • 12 thoracic vertebrae ( T1-T12)
  • 5 lumbar (L1-L5 )
  • 3-4 coccygeal vertebrae fussed together

Thoracic attach 2 ribs
Lumbar R large and suitable for weight barring

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9
Q

What is sternum and it’s function?

A

(breastbone) located superior - anterior thoracic wall
3 parts:
MANUBRIUM : uppermost - attach clavicle and 1st rib
BODY (corpus)- long&narrow ribs2-7
Xiphoid process- small cartilaginous structure @ Btm of sternum

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10
Q

What are structures of rib cage & function

A

12 pairs of ribs form cylindrical structure
Rib cage holds&protects heart and lungs
structures :
Sternum anterior surface
12 thoracic vertebrae in posterior surface
12 pairs ribs connect 2 vertebrae & costal cartilage

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11
Q

Briefly describe three structures that are key to adequate respiration. What is the role of each structure?

A 
Lungs 
Bronchi 
Trachea
Spinal column 
Sternum 
Rib cage
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12
Q

Muscles of respiration

A 
Thoracic muscles if inspiration 
- diaphragm 
-Abdomen 
-Intercostal 
- serratus posterior superior 
- levator costarum brevis/longis 
- external intercostal 
Abdominal muscles of expiration 
Pectoralis major/minor 
Serratus anterior 
Levator scapulae
Rhomboideus major/minor 
Internal/innermost intercostal 
Transversus thoracicus 
P
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13
Q

Thoracic muscles of inspiration (5) part one

A

-diaphragm (C3-5)
Distended abdomen, enlarges vert dim of thorax, depress central tendon of diaphragm
-Abdomen
Holds liver kidney intestines & muscle
-Intercostal
11 paired internal pull ribs down decrease dia thoracic cavity 4 exhale, 11 paired internal raise ribs up

ELEVATE RIBS;

  • serratus posterior superior ( C7, T1-T4)
  • levator costarum brevis/longis (T2-T-12)
  • external intercostal (T2-T11)
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14
Q

Thoracic muscles of inspiration part 2

6

A

Accessory muscles of the neck- sternocleidomastoid and trapezius
Sternocleidomastoid : elevates sternum &rib cage
Trapezius: control head and neck
Muscles of shoulder and upper arm:
Pectoralis major/minor C4-T1- + Transverse dim of rib cage by elevate sternum
Serratus anterior C5-C7 : elevates ribs 1-9

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15
Q

Muscles of respiration part 3 (6)

A

Levator scapulae (C3-C5) elevates scapula- support neck
Rhomboideius major/minor (C5) stabilizes shoulder girdle
Internal/innermost intercostal T2- T11
Depresses ribs 1-11
Transverse thoracicus T2-T6
Depress ribs 2-6

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16
Q

ABdominal muscles of expiration (5)

A 
Latissimus dorsi (C6-C8) 
Stable post abdm wall 4 expir
Rectus abdominus (T7-T12) flexes vertebrae column 
Transversus abdominis(T7-T12) compress abdomen 
Internal oblique abdominis (T7-T12) compress abdomen flex & rotate trunk 
Quadratus lumborum (T12, L1-L4) supports abdominal compression through bilateral contraction
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17
Q

Summary of respiration

A

Respiration exchange gas between organism and environment - necessary for life & foundation of speech

Framework supports muscles necessary 4 Resp ( 2 main categories - thoracic (inspiration) abdominal (expiration)

Resp foundation and energy for phonation

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18
Q

Phonation structures and process

A

Voice box - top of trachea houses VF - vibrate=speech
Intrinsic and extrinsic laryngeal muscles necessary

Cortical areas, cerebellum, CN
V II- X
Structures: Lungs, larynx (valving mech open and closes) , VF

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19
Q

VF ADDUCTION VS ABDUCTION

A

Adduct ( toward midline)
Abduct ( away from midline )
VF abducted

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20
Q

Larynx biological functions (3)

A

(A) closure of trachea so food and other substances don’t enter lungs
(B) production cough reflex 2 expel foreign material in trachea
(C) closure of the VF build subglottic pressure necessary for physical exertion and lifting heavy items

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21
Q

Laryngeal structures and cartilages

A

Larynx -> suspended U shape hyoid bone
Hyoid bone: floats between mandible and jaw) muscles of tongue and mandible, skull, larynx attached to hyoid
Epiglottis: protective structure - leaf shaped cartilage medial thyroid cartilage & hyoid - swallow drops and protects oropharynx
Thyroid, Artenoid, cricoid cartilages
Cornice late cartilages

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22
Q

What are the laryngeal cartilages ? (5)

A

Thyroid cartilage - anterior and lateral walls of larynx & protects larynx
Cricoid cartilage - uppermost trach ring surrounds trachea
Artenoid cartilage - small pyramid-shape connect 2 cricoid- sliding and circular movements
Corniculate cartilages : apex of Artenoid, reduce laryngeal opening during swallow
Cuneiform : stiffen or tense aryepiglottic folds

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23
Q

What are Intrinsic laryngeal muscles and innervation ?

A 
Thyroartenoid 
Internal thyroidartenoid
Lateral cricoaryrenoid 
Transverse thyroartenoid 
Oblique thyroartenoid 
Cricothyroid

ALL INNERVATED BY CN X

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24
Q

What are the functions of the Intrinsic laryngeal muscles ? (6)

A

Thyroartenoid - main muscle vibrates & produces sound
Internal thyroidartenoid- adducts VFs increases medial compression
Lateral cricoaryrenoid - ADDUCT
Transverse thyroartenoid - ADDUCT
Oblique thyroartenoid - apex of Artenoid medially
Cricothyroid - ABDUCTS

25
Q

What is the main muscle of the VFs

A

THYROARTENOID (CN X)

26
Q

Which muscles ADDUCT and ABDUCT VFS?

A

ADDUCT : lateral cricoaryrenoid, transverse Artenoid

ABDUCT : posterior cricoaryrenoid

27
Q

What is the main function of extrinsic laryngeal muscles ?

A

Support larynx, fix position
Attach w/in larynx and out larynx
All attach 2 hyoid and lower/raise position of larynx w/in neck

28
Q

What are the elevators of the laryngeal muscles and their innervation?

A 
Digastric (V,VII) 
Geniohyoid ( XII, C1) 
Mylohyoid V
STYLOHYOID VII
Hypoglossal XII
Genioglossus XII

V- tri, VII - facial, X - vagus, XII - hypo

29
Q

What are the depressors of the laryngeal muscles and their innervation?

A

Thyrohyoid XII
Omohyoid C1-3
Sternothyroid C1-3
Sternohyoid C1-3

30
Q

What are the three layers of the vocal folds?

A 
Epithelium (outer cover)
Lamina propria ( middle layer) 
Vocalis Muscle ( body, most stability and mass to VF)
31
Q

What are the two other pairs of folds and function ?

A

Aryepiglottic folds - seperate larynx from pharynx & preserve airway

Ventricular VF; false VF - vibrate low F0 freq and not usually during phonation- coughing and heavy lifting

32
Q

What is the myloelastic-aerodynamic theory?

A

VF vibrate because forces of pressure & air and elasticity of VF

More: air flowing out of lungs temp stopped by closed VF, subglottic pressure-> blow apart and set into vibration

Air moves with + velocity through glottic opening, air moves swiftly through open/constricted VF, pressure between edges of VF - and VF sucked together

33
Q

What is the Bernoulli effect?

A

Increased speed of air passing between VFs and sucking motion of the VF towards each other

Subglottic pressure builds and sets VF into motion- cycle of opening and closing of VFs cycle is repeated more than 100X per second during vocalizations

34
Q

What is the mucosal wave action?

A

Cover and transition produce a wave -> wave travels across surface VF 2/3 to lateral edge, wave dissipates before reaching thyroid cartilage edge

Without muscosal wave no vibration and no pathology
The cover( epithelium and superficial Lamina propria) or reinkes space and transition (intermediate and deep layers of Lamina propria) over Vocalis muscle slide and produce a wave
VF stripped to remove nodules and may not vibrate due to alteration in mucsosal wave

35
Q

Neuroanatomy of Vocal Mech - Cortical Areas

A 
Responsible for speech-motor control
( phonation) 
Primary motor cortex ( area 4) 
Broca's area ( 44) 
Somatosensory cortex ( 3,2,1)
Supplementary motor cortex ( 6)
36
Q

Neuroanatomy of Vocal Mech - Cerebellum

A

Regulates motor movement
Control speech movement
Coordination of laryngeal muscles 4 phonation
Executive function of speech systems (respiration)

37
Q

Neuroanatomy of Vocal Mech - Cranial nerves

A

Facial VII - diagastric
Vagus X - innervates larynx
SNL - Superior laryngeal nerve ; internal sensory of larynx Because external cricothyroid
RNL - sensory info below the VFs and
all motor inner interarytenoid, post cricoaryrenoid, thyroartenoid, lateral cricoaryrenoid

38
Q

Summary of phonatory system

A

Air lungs - trachea - larynx - sets VFs into motion - voicing

Key structures & cartilages protect larynx & aid in vocalizations

Two sets: intrinsic & extrinsic laryngeal muscles both attach w/in larynx (extrinsic attach outside also)

Myloelastic-aerodynamic theory and Bernoulli explain physiology of phonation

Mucosal wave critical 4 VF vibration

Key neuro- cortical areas, cerebellum, and CN XII (facial) & X (vagus)

39
Q

Intro resonation and articulation: structures and processes

A

Respiration energy 4 voicing, tone travels past larynx resonated by different structures - pharynx, oral cavity, nasal cavity - tone shaped and modified by artic and structures and depends on innervation of structures

40
Q

What are the key structures in articulation ?

A 
Pharynx 
Soft palate
Hard palate 
Mandible 
Teeth
Tongue 
Lips
Cheeks
41
Q

What is resonation?

A

process tone modified when some freq dampened and others enhanced

Resonators that shape tone: pharynx, nasal cavity, oral cavity

42
Q

Fundamentals of resonation: pharynx

A

Part of upper airway, shape and size depend on pos of tongue and neck ( high or low)

43
Q

Fundamentals of resonation: nasal cavity, velum, oral cavity

A

Nasal sounds - depend on velum
Velum relaxed and down coupling of two cavities

Velum: closed for most phonemes- makes contact with posterior pharyngeal wall (uncoupled)

Oral: through source-filter alters sound productions

44
Q

What is the source-filter theory?

A

Vocal tract is linked tubes (oral, nasal, pharynx) - variation in cavity produce speech

Source (VFs) modified by filter or vocal tract

Vowel: source phonation and consonants: source turbulence or friction or combo turbulence and voicing

45
Q

What is articulation?

A

Connection moveable parts or joining 2 elements - or act of saying something clearly

Structures; 
pharynx
Soft palate
Hard palate
Mandible
Teeth
Tongue
Lips
Cheeks
46
Q

What are the three segments of the pharyngeal cavity and their functions?

A

Laryngopharynx- superior 2 larynx ends base of tongue
Oropharynx- extends up soft palate and connects to ….
Nasopharnx - ends where 2 nasal cavities begin

Laryn and oro add resonance 2 sounds produced by larynx
Nasal only adds resonance to nasals

47
Q

What is the pharyngeal plexus?

A

Formed by joining cranial nerves X (vagus) and (accessory) XI - supplies upper pharyngeal musculature

48
Q

Muscles of the pharynx and innervation (6)

A
  • most INNERVATED by pharyngeal plexus and vagus
    1. Salpingopharyngeus (X,XI)
    Elevates pharyn wall
    2. Stylopharyngeus (IX)
    Elevates & open pharynx
    3. Superior pharyngeal constrictor (X,XI) constricts dia, pulls wall forward
    4. Middle pharyngeal constrictor(X,XI) narrows diameter of pharynx
    5. Cricopharyngeus(inf phar const) (X,XI) narrows diameter pharynx
    6. Thyropharyngeus ( inf phar const) reduce diameter Lower pharynx
49
Q

What is the soft palate and it’s function?

A

AKA velum- flexible structure hangs at hard palate roof (oropharynx/nasopharynx)
UVULA- tip of velum cone shape
Velum can be lowered or raised and pharynx moved inward - sphincter like motion closes nasal port - VP CLOSURE
NASAL SPEECH- when muscle isn’t working in velum

50
Q

What are the muscles of the velum and their function? (4)

A 
1. Levator veli palatini (X,XI) 
Primary elevator velum
2. Tensor veli palatini (V)
Tenses velum dilates Eustachian tube
3. Palatoglossus (X,XI) 
Elevates and depresses velum 
4. Palatopharyngeus (X,XI) Narrows pharyn cavity, lowers velum assists in elevating larynx
51
Q

What are the structure of hard palate and how it develops ?

A
  • bony hard roof part of maxilla
  • front portion - premaxilla(incisors)
  • palatine process : maxillary bone fuses during fetal stage
  • alveolar process outer edges: molar, bicuspid, cuspid teeth
  • premaxilla may fail to fuse with maxillary bone causing cleft in utero
  • maxillary bone joins palatine bone attaches 2 soft palate
52
Q

What is the mandible and it’s structures?

A

Lower jaw-> lowers teeth forms floor mouth, formed by fusion of two bones @ midpoint in chin
Alveolar arch-> houses teeth
Temporomandibular joint- mandible to skull
Elevator and depressor muscles

53
Q

What are the Elevators of mandible and their innervation?

A

Masseter (V) - elevates mandible
Temporalis (V) - elevates, pulls back
Medial ptyergoid (V) - elevates
Lateral ptyergoid (V) - protrudes

54
Q

What are the Depressors of mandible and their innervation?

A

Anterior belly of diagastric (V) depress mandible w/post belly diag; pulls hyoid forward

Posterior belly diagastric (VII) depress with anterior belly - pulls hyoid back

Geniohyoid (XII, C1) depress mandible
Mylohyoid (V) depress mandible

55
Q

List three pharyngeal muscles, three soft palate muscles, and three mandibular muscles that are key in articulation!

A

Good luck with that!

56
Q

Explain different teeth and their function

A
  • Lower dental arch - mandible / upper dental arch maxilla : mastication & production sounds (f,v)
  • Deciduous teeth 6-9mons baby (20) 4 incisors, 2 canines, 4 molar
    Adult 32teeth-16 arch, 4 incisors, 2 canine, 4 premolars, 6 molar

Occlusion bite down symmetrical & malocclusion deviation in positioning teeth when bite down

57
Q

What are parts of the tongue and function?

A

Need for k,ing, S -constrict air friction
Tip; thinnest most flexible
Blade: behind tip - inferior alveolar ridge
Dorsum: large part contacts hard/soft palate
Root: back bottom portion of the tongue

Lingual frenulum- connects mandible to inferior portion of tongue
Intrinsic and extrinsic Muscles - CNXII

58
Q

Intrinsic muscles of the tongue (4)

A

All by CNXII
Superior longitudinal muscle: shortens, tip up, lateral
Inferior longitudinal muscle: shortens tip down - retracts
Transverse - narrow and elongate
Vertical - flatten

59
Q

Extrinsic muscles of the tongue(5)

A

Genioglossus- bulk of tongue, can retract, down, protrude tip, depress between teeth
Styloglossus- draws up, back, sides up to make dorsum concave
Hyoglossus: retracts and depress tongue
Chondroglossus: depress the tongue
Palatoglossus: muscle
Of the velum elevates the tongue

60
Q

Muscles of the face part one

A

All CNVII
Mentalis - lower lip out, elevate chin
Platysma- depress man
Risorius- retract corner lips
Buccinator - constrict oropharynx, food to molars for grinding
Depressor labii inferiroris- lip down
Depressor Anguli oris- lips together, depress corner lips

61
Q

Muscles of the face part two

A

Zygomatic minor: elevate lower lip
Zygomatic minor: retract elevate angle of mouth
Orbicularis oris: lips together, seals, insertion for muscles, facial expressions
Levator Anguli oris: corner mouth up and medial
Levator Angulis superioris ; elevates lips
Levator Anguli superioris alaeque nasi; elevates

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