Chap 1

Question 1

Sensory neurons

Answer 1

afferent neurons

Mnemonic: afferent neurons ascend in the cord toward the brain

Question 2

Motor neuron

Answer 2

efferent neurons

Mnemonic: efferent neurons exit the cord on their way to the rest of the body

Question 3

Motor neurons job

Answer 3

transport info form brain to body

Question 4

Sensory neurons job

Answer 4

transmit sensory info from receptors to the brain

Question 5

Reflexive response to pain

Answer 5

Sensory receptors send info to interneurons in the spinal cord -> stimulates a motor neuron to allow quick withdrawal. (reflexive withdrawal already occurred before brain gets the signal)

Question 6

Hindbrain job

Answer 6

responsible for balance and motor coordination

Question 7

Midbrain job

Answer 7

manages sensorimotor reflexes that also promote survival

Question 8

Forebrain job

Answer 8

associated with emotion, memory, and higher-order cognition

Question 9

Temporal lobe job

Answer 9

contain Wernicke’s area (language comprehension), amygdala and hippocampus. Function in emotion and memory
NOT motor skills

Question 10

Cerebellum job

Answer 10

responsible for maintaining posture and balance

Question 11

Pons job

Answer 11

(above the medulla), contains sensory and motor tracts between the cortex and the medulla

Question 12

thalamus job

Answer 12

acts as a relay station for sensory info

Question 13

Hypothalamus job

Answer 13

homeostatic and emotional functions

Question 14

Right hemisphere

Answer 14

Usually the Nondominant hemisphere (even in left-handed individ) Sense of direction is an ability of the non dominant hem

Question 15

Left hemisphere

Answer 15

Dominant. Abilities: learning language, reading for pleasure, jumping rope

Question 16

Neurulation

Answer 16

occurs when the notochord causes differentiation of overlying ectoderm into the neural tube and neural crest cells. This neural tube ultimately becomes the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord), and neural crest cells migrate to other sites in the body to differentiate into a number of different tissues.

Question 17

Acetylcholine

Answer 17

not a catecholamine

Question 18

3 catecholamines (hormones made by the adrenal glands)

Answer 18

Epinephrine (adrenaline), norepinephrine, dopamine

Question 19

Low levels of Acetylcholine

Answer 19

Low - weakness or paralysis of muscles

Question 20

Low levels of endorphins

Answer 20

(if injured) pain

Question 21

Varying levels of serotonin

Answer 21

mood swings

Question 22

High levels of dopamine

Answer 22

hallucinations

Question 23

Interneurons

Answer 23

found between other neurons and are the most numerous fo the 3 types of neurons

Question 24

Central nervous system (CNS)

Answer 24

brain and spinal cord

Question 25

Peripheral nervous system (PNS)

Answer 25

tissue and fibers outside the brain and spinal cord, including all 31 pairs of spinal nerves and the 12 pairs of cranial nerves

Question 26

Adrenal glands job

Answer 26

produce stress responses via cortisol, produce hormones and neurotransmitters, and release estrogen in males an testosterone in females.

Promote fight-or-flight response through epinephrine and norepinephrine.

Question 27

Pineal gland job

Answer 27

produces melatonin (controls the body’s circadian rhythm)

Question 28

Dopamine disorders

Answer 28

Schizophrenia (high levels of dopamine/high sensitivity to dopamine)
and Parkinson’s disease (destruction of hte dopaminergic neurons in the basal ganglia)

Question 29

Babinski reflex

Answer 29

extension of the big toe accompanied by fanning of the other toes - normal in infants->disappear with time, certainly by walking