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Chapter 1 BC > chap 1 > Flashcards

chap 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Keq &laquo_space;1,

A

Keq &laquo_space;1, ∆Go is large and positive !

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2
Q

catalyst

A

A catalyst ( an enzyme ) is a compound that increase the rate of a chemical reaction. They offer acceleration under mild conditions, high specificity, and the possibility for regulation. They can also increase productive collision

KNOW

  • Lowers Ea
  • DOES NOT alter Gibbs free energy
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3
Q

Cell wall

A

extra support, and protection from osmotic swelling.

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4
Q

A-T

C-G

A 
A-T
A: (deoxyadenylate)
T: Deoxythymidylate
C-G
C: Deoxycytidylate
G: Deoxyguanylate
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5
Q

DNA is self__

A

DNA is self replicating. 1 strand of DNA replicates to create 4 new strands (AT/)CG. Each strand is complementary to the other.

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6
Q

in energy coupling ATP can react directly with

A

1 metabolie that need activation OR

2 enzyme causing conformational change

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7
Q

signal transduction

A

signal transduction pathway: transmits information.

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8
Q

Keq&raquo_space; 1,

A

Keq&raquo_space; 1, ∆Go is large and negative!

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9
Q

Carbonyl-Aldehyde/ ketone

both are good electrophiles

DRAW

A

R-C=O-H

R-C=O-R

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10
Q

starch granules

A

temporarily stores carbohydrate products of photosynthesis

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11
Q

chiral

A

A carbon atom with 4 different substituents is asymmetric

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12
Q

Plasmodesma

(ONLY in Plants)

A

provides path between 2 plants–similar to gap junctions in animal

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13
Q

chloroplast

A

harvest sunlight, produces ATP and carbohydrates

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14
Q

Some ways to classify light?

A

Sources of energy and carbon

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15
Q 
Cell envelope 
( structure varies dependent on type of Bacteria )
A

Gram Positive : has NO outer membrane

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16
Q

Mitochondria

A

powerhouse of cell. Oxidizes fuels to produce ATP.

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17
Q 
Monovalent Cations (mono =1) metal ions
important role in metabolism
A

Na+ K+

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18
Q

What does nuclear envelop do?

A

segregates chromatin from cytoplasm

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19
Q

divalent cations metal ions

important role in metabolism

A

Mg++, Ca++, Zn ++, Fe++

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20
Q

Energy input maintains

why do we consume energy

A

complex structures and DYNAMIC steady state AWAY from Equilibrium

-if you reach equilibrium your DEAD

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21
Q

Thylakoids (ONLY in Plants)

A

site of light driven ATP synthesis (light rxn)

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22
Q

Central dogma

A

Central dogma: DNA(houses info has plan)→RNA(transmit messeages)→Protein(does all work)

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23
Q

Biomolecules are (what element) based?

A

biomolecules are carbon based .

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24
Q

Golgi

A

packages, and targets proteins to other organelles or for export.

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25
Q

feedback infhibition

negative regulation

A

occurs when the end product of a reaction interferes with the enzyme that helped produce it. … The enzyme then changes its shape and can’t catalyze the reaction anymore. This type of inhibition is done as a regulatory mechanism to meet the metabolic needs of the cell or organism.

products of last enzyme in pathway inhibits the first

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26
Q

Keq

A

Keq =tendency of a reaction to proceed to completion= [C][D][A][B]

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27
Q

Smooth ER

A

the site of lipid synthesis and drug metabolism

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28
Q

nucleus

A

contains genes (chromatin= dna+protein) aka chromosomes

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29
Q

How does carbon bond?

A

single, double, triple bonds
COVALENTBONDS

bonding dictates bond angles

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30
Q

what two ways do enzymes speed up reactions

A

(1) by coupling an unfavorable reaction with a highly favorable one, and (2) Lowering the activation barrier by catalysis
- if you have a slow rxn you can couple it with a fast one

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31
Q

solutions that have the ability to rotate plane-polarized light are

A

optically active

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32
Q

Hydrolyzing ATP does what

A

drives rxn

hydrolysis is favored because atp concentration is higher than ADP in the cell !!

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33
Q

Related reactions form pathway

A

A series of related reactions. The product of one reaction becomes the reactant to the next reaction. These pathways are also controlled in order to regulate (negative/positive regulation) levels of metabolites so that a product can act as an inhibitor to prevent the continuous forward direction of the reaction.

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34
Q

Ribosomes (bacteria)

A

Free floating , function: (same as in eukaryotes) protein synthesis fromRNA messenger

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35
Q

HOW MANY FUNCTIONAL GROUPS DOES ACYTYL COA HAVE?

LOOK UP STRUCTURE

A

Acetyl CoA for example has 8 functional groups on it!

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36
Q

BreakDOWN of metabolites release energy so it is

A

exergonic

-It is thermodynamically Favorable ∆Go <0.

37
Q

all life requires wha two things?

A

energy and carbon

38
Q

Phototrophs

A

derive energy from light

39
Q

Pili

A

provide adhesion to surface of other cells

40
Q

Enantomers interaction with plan-polarized light. In SEPERATE solutions, two enantiomers rotate the plane of plan polarized light in what direction?

A

opposite!!

41
Q

What is the site of rRNA synthesis

A

NucleOLUS

42
Q

Purpose of chemical coupling of exergonic and endergonic reactions

A

allowing otherwise unfavorable reaction to proceed.

43
Q

HOW does ATP hydrolysis drive rxn?

A

When you hydrolyze atp, the phosphate is removed and added to the enzyme which cause ACTIVATION , two negative charges CHANGE conformation whic allows it to DRIVE the RXN

44
Q

steroisomers that ARE NOT mirror images are called

A

diastereomers

-nonsuperimposable

45
Q

Rough ER

A

the site of most protein synthesis

46
Q

function of molecules depend on

A

3D shape and func group

47
Q

What do peroxisomes do ?

A

oxidize fatty acids

48
Q

Carboxylate/hydroxyl/enol

ENOL–Ene=( DOUBLE BOND) AND ol-OH

A

R-C=OO-
R-OH
R-HCOH=CH2

49
Q

Example of exergonic

Rmemeber products are higher than reactants !

A

ATP, NADH, and NADPH can be synthesized using the energy from sunlight and fuels= celluar concentration is WAY HIGHER then equilibrium making it neg product /reactants

ATP can be hydroylzed to ADP or AMP
hydroylsis is exergonic

50
Q

achiral

A

Does not have 4 different groups

-usully will either have 2 of the same like 2Hs or a double bonded group like O

51
Q

Ribosomes (animal)

A

on RER and also free in cystol - protein sysnthesizer

52
Q

What are the three types of cytoskeleton

A

1-actin
2-microtubules
3-intermediate filaments

function to support cell/ aid in movement of organelles

53
Q

Geometric isomer= cis/trans

Steroisomer

A

differ in the arrangement of their substituent groups with respect to a nonrotating double bond. These are not mirror images.

Cis: groups on the same side of dbl bond

Trans: groups on opposite side of the dbl bond.

54
Q

What is a nucleoid ?

A

Portion of a bacteria cell which is undefined area of single, simple, log circular DNA molecules

55
Q

Chemotrophs

A

derive energy from Oxidation of CHEMICAL FUELS

56
Q

Natural selection favors

A

Mutations! They occur randomly, but mutations that confer advantage are typically propagated.

57
Q

ETHER/ ESTER

A

R-O-R

R-C(O)-O-R

58
Q

Steroisomers

several types

A

non-superimposable (cannot over lap) images of each other.

-same chemical bond diff configuration

59
Q

Flagella

A

propel cell through surrounding

60
Q

Difference between gram + and - in bacteria

Remember gram is a stain!

A

Gram positive
NO outer membrane
THICKER peptidoglycan layer, which is why it stains violet

Gram negative

  • has outer membrane
  • thin peptidoglycan layer- so does NOT retain violet color stain
61
Q

steroisomers that ARE mirror images are called

A

enantiomer

-nonsuperimposable

62
Q

Metabolic rxn that REQUIRES energy is

A

endergonic

It is thermodynamically unfavorable
∆Go >0.
Creating order requires work and energy
=order is NOT a good thing

63
Q

Methyl / Ethyl / Phenyl

DRAW

A

R-CH3
R-CH2-CH3
R-CONJUGATED RING

64
Q

is an equimolar solution of 2 enantiomers (a racemic mixture) optically active?

A

NO shows no optical rotation

65
Q

∆Go ?

A

∆Go = standard free energy (constant)
∆G = ∆Go – RT ln Keq
∆G =0, you are at equilibrium. That is when [A]i = [A]eq

66
Q

What are the six kingdoms bases on cellular organizlation

A

Archea, bacteria, protista (unicellular eukaryote), Fungi ( multi/uni celluar eukaryote ), plante, animila

67
Q

Three domains of life, and what are they based on

A

Bacteria Archea, and Eukarya. Based on rRNA. Create phylogenetic tree’

68
Q

Cell envelope unique to _

A

Bacteria. Its sturucture can vary based on type of bacteria . Gram + ot -

69
Q

where are ribiosomes synthesized in eukarotic cell?

A

Nucleoulous

70
Q

what happenes f organisms reach equilibrium

A

DEATH

71
Q

Organotrophs

A

Organic fuel oxidized for energy, humans are organotrouphs , type of CHEMOTROPH

72
Q

Lithotrophs

A

INORGANIC food, type of CHEMOTROPH

73
Q

autrophs / heterotrops

A

auto- carbon from co2 (plants) Hetero–carbon from organic coubounds( green/purple bacteria both are tyes of PHOTOTROPHS

74
Q

what is a nucleoid ?

A

Bacterial cellular sturucture that contains DNA not Chromatin — the nucleus contains chromatin

75
Q

Site of protein synthisis ?

A

Rough ER!! Not nucluolous, Ribosomes are synthesiszed there

76
Q

Where are fatty acids oxidized?

A

In periOXsomones, they break down long fatty acid chains through beta oxidation into MEDIUM chains which eventually enter mitochondria!!

77
Q

Which element is not divalent? Na Ca Zn Fe

A

Na, group ! Metal

78
Q

Def. of covalent bond

A

shared

79
Q

can a double bond rotate around double bond axis?

A

NO

80
Q

Carboxylate is the ___ of carboxlyic acid

A

con base

81
Q

Enzyme stabalize ___ state

A

transition state

82
Q

why would a rxn be ENDERGONIC

A

the products free energy is higher then the reactions free energy, rxn is thermodynaically unfavorable, energy barrier is too HIGH, rxn is kinetically stable

83
Q

why would a rxn be EXERGONIC

A

products are unstable so your not gonna go toward them, thermodynamically FAVORABLE , break down metabolites which releases energy,

84
Q

how EXACTLY can endergonic and exergonic reactions be COUPLED !!

A
  1. phosphrylation of enzyme or substrate. 2. Adenylation of enzyme or substrate-
85
Q

4 types of nonconvalent interactions

A

ionic, dipole (partial charge), van der waals( all atoms have vander walls, hydrophobic ( ordering of WATER molecules around around nonpolar substances ) effect

86
Q

Charge of hydrogen atom in water ?

A

it is PARTICALLY CHARGES

87
Q

why does water have a high bp

A

because it is both a hydrogen donor and acceptor. WATER can for 4 hydrogen bonds

88
Q

in Hydrogen bonds oxygens can be found on

A

4 sp3 orbitals , 2 for covalent bonds between oxygenans 2 for hydrogen atoms, two repaining pairs are NON bonding

Chapter 1 BC (4 decks)

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