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Instrumental Chem > Chap 1 - 5 terms > Flashcards

Chap 1 - 5 terms Flashcards

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1
Q

Resistors in series:

A

Have the same current

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2
Q

Resistors in parallel

A

Have the same voltage

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3
Q

What is a diode

A

It’s a nonlinear device that has greater conductance in one direction than in another.

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4
Q

Transistor:

A

Is the basic semiconductor amplifying and switching device, gives a bigger output signal than the signal given.

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5
Q

Oscilloscope:

A

Instrument that utilizes a cathode ray as a readout device, used for signal processing.

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6
Q

Series Circuit:

A

Is a linear arrangement of loads with only one path for electricity flow.

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7
Q

Analog signal:

A

electronic signals are time varying quantities which convey some sort of info, usually voltage

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8
Q

Digital signal:

A

deals in realm of discrete of finite, so a limited set of values.

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9
Q

Binary Number system:

A

Known as Base 2 since only use 2 digits 0 & 1

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10
Q

What are the major computer components?

A

Central processing unit (CPU), BUS, Main memory (RAM), secondary memory media, I/O devices.

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11
Q

CPU:

A

Brain of computer, controls all functions, also called processor.

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12
Q

The Bus

A

a group of parallel wires that carry control signals and data between components.

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13
Q

Main Memory:

A

Made of capacitors, holds memory info

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14
Q

Bits

A

Bit is set when capacitor is on or 1, if off then is it 0 could be said the bit is reset (cleared)

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15
Q

Byte:

A

8 bits which is a cell

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16
Q

RAM (main memory)

A

Called this because we can go directly to the address we want to access the data

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17
Q

Types of Secondary storage media

A

Disks (floppy, hard, removable), tapes, CDs, DVDs can be called Persistent storage bc it is non-volatile.

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18
Q

Peripheral Devices

A

monitor, keyboard, mouse, anything that can be plugged in.

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19
Q

A Word:

A

32 bits or 4 bytes

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20
Q

Long word:

A

8 bytes or 64 bits

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21
Q

Quad word

A

16 bytes or 128 bits

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22
Q

Decimal number system

A

is a postional number system also known as base 10 (start from 0 to 9)

23
Q

Base 2/binary:

A

only two digits 0 and 1

24
Q

101010 =?

A

42

25
Q

Hexadecimal number system:

A

also known as base 16, the use of 16 symbols from 0 and 9 and the letter A through F.

26
Q

Logic Gates:

A

have the ability to accept either one or two input signals and generate one output signal, signals are binary

27
Q

What are the basic logic gates?

A

AND, OR, XOR, NOT

28
Q

Clocks:

A

generally electronic frequency sources are based on quartz crystals that exhibit the piesoelectric effect

29
Q

Local area network (LAN)

A

located in a single site

30
Q

Wide area network (WAN)

A

computers are geographically scattered

31
Q

Signal

A

carries info about the analyte

32
Q

Noise

A

Is made up of extraneous information that is unwanted since it degrades the accuracy and precision of an analysis

33
Q

What are the sources of noise?

A

Chemical noise and instrumental noise

34
Q

Instrumental noise:

A

Is noise associated with each component of an instrument w/the source, and input transducer.

35
Q

Different kinds of instrumental noise are?

A

Thermal or Johnson noise, shot noise, flicker, or environmental noise.

36
Q

Thermal noise/Johnson noise

A

It is caused by thermal agitation of electrons or other charge carriers in resistors, capacitors, radiation transducers, etc. Can be decreased by narrowing the bandwidth, the electrical resistance.

37
Q

Shot noise:

A

Is encountered wherever electrons or other charged particles cross a junction. Can be minimized by reducing bandwidth.

38
Q

Flicker Noise:

A

Is characterized as having a magnitude that is inversely proportional to the frequency of the signal being observed.

39
Q

Environmental Noise:

A

Is the composite of different forms of noise that arise from the surroundings, can be caused by the conductor in an instrument that a antenna picking it up.

40
Q

Signal to noise enhancement:

A

This becomes the limiting factor in the precision of a measurement so would need hardware and software methods to improve the ratio.

41
Q

Hardware method:

A

Incorporates the instrument design components such as filters, choppers, shields, modulators, and synchronous detectors.

42
Q

Grounding and Shielding:

A

Noise from electromagnetic radiation can be reduced by shielding & grounding to shorten the length of conductors in the system.

43
Q

Analog Filtering:

A

The S/N ratio can be improved, thermal, shot and flicker noise can be reduced by using analog filters.

44
Q

Modulation:

A

Low frequency or dc signal from transducers are often converted to a higher frequency to have noise is less troublesome.

45
Q

Signal chopping:

A

The input signal is converted to a square-wave form by an electronic or mechanical chopper. can be measured by a transducer.

46
Q

Lock in amplifiers:

A

Permits the recovery of signals even when the S/N is unity or less.

47
Q

Software method:

A

are based upon various computer algorithms that permit extraction of signals from noisy data.

48
Q

Ensemble Averaging:

A

Successive sets of data stored in memory as arrays are collected and summed point by point in averaging.

49
Q

Boxcar Averaging:

A

is a digital procedure for smoothing irregularities and enhancing the signal to noise ratio.

50
Q

Digital Filtering:

A

Can be accomplished by number of different well characterized numerical procedure such as fourier transformation and least squares polynomial smoothing.

51
Q

Transformers:

A

voltage from a ac power lines can be increased or decreased with this.

52
Q

What is a transducer in an analytical instrument?

A

a device that can convert any signal into electrical signals or vice versa.

53
Q

What is a data domain?

A

A data domain is one of those codes in which data may be encoded. Examples of data domain classes are the analog, digital, and time domains. Examples of data domains are voltage, current, charge, frequency, period, and number.

54
Q

Name electrical signals that are considered analog. How is the information encoded in an analog signal?

A

Analog signals include voltage, current, charge, and power. The info is encoded in the amplitude of the signal.

Instrumental Chem (1 decks)

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