Chap 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Empiricism

A

Contention that an attribute is determined by experience rather than by genetics. Within epistemology, it is the belief that all knowledge is derived from sensory experiences

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2
Q

Determinism

A

Belief that all behavior is caused and is therefore not free

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3
Q

Epiphenomenalism

A

Contentions that mental events are the by-products of bodily events. Bodily events cause mental events but mental events cannot cause bodily events. Mental, therefore, can be ignored in the analysis of human behavior.

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4
Q

Epistemology

A

Study of the nature of human knowledge.

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5
Q

Hedonism

A

Contention that the major motive in life is to pleasure and avoid pain.

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6
Q

Heuristic function of a theory

A

Theory’s ability to generate new information.

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7
Q

Human nature

A

Those qualities that characterize all humans. (One task of the personality theorist is to specify the nature of human nature).

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8
Q

Idiographic Research

A

Intense study of a single person.

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9
Q

Individual Differences

A

Important ways in which humans differ from one another. (One task of the personality theorist is the describe and explain individual differences).

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10
Q

Interactionism

A

Contention that the mind influences the body and the body influences the mind. Mind and body are causally related.

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11
Q

Introspection

A

Self examination. Directing one’s thoughts inward to discover the truth about one’s self.

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12
Q

Mind-body problem

A

Problem do specifying how something mental (cognitive) can influence something physical, such as body, and vice versa.

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13
Q

Nativism

A

Contention that an attribute is determined by genetics rather than by experience.

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14
Q

Nativism-Empiricism Controversy

Nature-Nurture Controversy

A

Argument concerning the extent to which an attribute, such as intelligence, is influenced by inheritance as opposed to experience.

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15
Q

Paradigm

A

Term used by Kuen to describe a theoretical viewpoints shared by many researchers.

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16
Q

Parallelism

A

Contention that an environmental event causes both mental and bodily reactions at the same time. According to this proposed answer to the mind-body question, bodily and mental phenomena run parallel to each other as therefore not causally related.

17
Q

Person variables

A

Variables contained within persons thought to be responsible for their behavior. Traits, habits, memories, information processing mechanisms, and repressed early experiences exemplify person variables.

18
Q

Persona

A

Latin word meaning mask.

19
Q

Physical monism

Materialism

A

Contention that no mind-body problem exists because no mind exist. No mental events occur, only physical events.

20
Q

Principal of Falsifiability

Principle of refutability

A

Popper’s contention that a scientific theory must make risky predictions; that is, it must make predictions that could conceivably be false and, of so, would refute the theory.

21
Q

Principle of verification

A

The stipulation that scientific propositions must be capable of objective, empirical testing that is available to any interested person.

22
Q

Rationalism

A

Belief that knowledge can be gained only by exercising the mind.

Ex. Deducing, or inferring

23
Q

Risky predictions

A

Predictions that run the risk of being incorrect. According to the Popper, for a theory to be considered scientific it must make risky predictions.

24
Q

Science

A

Epistemological pursuit that combines the philosophical schools of empiricism and rationalism.

25
Q

Scientific theory

A

Combination of the philosophical schools and rationalism and empiricism, with two major functions: 1. To synthesize (explain) many observations, and 2. To generate new information

26
Q

Self

A

Concept employed by several personality theorists to account for the facts that human behavior is smooth running, consistent and well organized. The concept of self has also been used to explain why we are self aware or ourselves as individuals

27
Q

Self actualization

A

Situation that exists when a person is acting in accordance with his or her full potential

28
Q

Situation variables

A

Those variables found in the environment thought to be responsible for behavior

29
Q

Synthesizing function of a theory

A

A theory’s ability to organize and explain several otherwise disjointed observations

30
Q

Teleological behavior

A

Purposive behavior