Chap. 1-4 Flashcards
____ is the scientific study of processes of change and stability from conception through adolescence.
Child Development
Monique first learns to crawl and then learns to walk. This is an example of ____ development.
Physical
William can now say three times as many words as he used to. This is an example of _____ development.
Cognitive
A child’s personality development can also be referred to as _____ development.
psychosocial
A combination of economic and social factors contribute to _____.
socioeconomic status
A household unit made up of parents and their natural or adopted children is known as a(n) ______.
nuclear family
An event that is experienced in a similar way for most people in a group is ______.
normative influences
A specific time when a given event, or its absence, has the greatest impact on development is called a(n) ______.
critical period
A group of people who share the same experience, such as growing up at the same time and the same place, is called a(n) ______.
cohort
Both living in poverty and experiencing a lack of exposure to appropriate role models are considered ______.
risk factors
A(n) _____ is a coherent set of logically related concepts that seeks to organize, explain, and predict data.
theory
_____ is an eight-stage theory involving a crisis and occurring over the lifespan.
Psychosocial Development
According to ______ theory, behaviors are learned by observing and imitating models.
Social Learning
The ______ perspective focuses on biological and evolutionary bases of behavior.
evolutionary/sociobiological
In a _____ observation, all participants are observed in the same situation, under controlled conditions.
laboratory
If one were investigating to see if there was a statistical relationship between variables, the best type of study would be a ____ study.
correlation
A rigorously controlled, replicable procedure in which the researcher manipulates variables to assess the effect of one on the other is called a(n) _____.
experiment
In an experiment, the condition over which the researcher has direct control is the _____ variable.
independent
A design that assesses changes in a sample over time is the _____ study.
longitudinal
A one-celled organism resulting from fertilization is called a _____.
Zygote
Twins conceived by the union of two different ova with two different sperm are called _____ twins.
dizygotic
Small segments of DNA located in definite positions on particular chromosomes are called _____.
genes
______ means that an organism possesses two identical alleles for a trait
Homozygous
____ inheritance is when a child receives contradictory alleles and only one is expressed.
Dominant
______ is the observable characteristics of a person.
Phenotype
A pattern of inheritance in which certain characteristics carried on the X chromosome inherited from the mother are transmitted differently to her male and female offspring is called ______.
sex-linked inheritance
______ is the quantitative study of relative heredity and environmental influences.
Behavioral genetics
_____ is a statistical estimate of the contribution of heredity to individual differences in a specific trait within a given population.
Heritability
_______ is the potential variability in the expression of a hereditary trait.
Reaction Range
The principle that development proceeds with the upper parts of the body developing before the lower parts is called the ______.
cephalocaudal principle
The first two weeks of prenatal development is called the ____ stage.
germinal
The stage of gestation that is characterized by rapid growth and development of major body systems and organs is called the _____ stage
embryonic
The ____ stage is the final stage of gestation.
fetal
Another term for miscarriage is _____.
spontaneous abortion
Amniocentesis and sonogram are forms of _____.
prenatal assessment
A birth defect-producing substance is called a _____.
teratogen
A combination of mental, motor, and developmental abnormalities resulting from a mother consuming alcohol is called ______.
fetal alcohol syndrome
High-frequency sound waves are used specifically with _____.
ultrasounds
A three-month period of a pregnancy is called a _____.
trimester
The soft spot on the top of the infant’s head is called the _____.
fontanels
_____ means “without oxygen.”
anoxia
The first test a newborn receives is known as the _____.
Apgar Scale
_____ helps to identify a fetus whose heart rate is slowing.
Electronic fetal monitoring
When a vaginal birth cannot be accomplished, a _____ can save an infant’s life.
cesarean delivery
A baby who is less than a month old is called a _____.
neonate
When parents take classes, read books, or study about having a baby before the baby is born, they are planning to experience ______.
natural or prepared childbirth
A newborn baby’s skin is slightly yellowish; this baby has ______.
neonatal jaundice
A _____ baby weighs less than 5.5 pounds.
low-birth-weight
A baby born before 37 full weeks of prenatal development is _____.
preterm
