Chap 1-3 Flashcards
Who did Clinical Method?
Paul Broca
Who’s famous for extirpation?
Pierre Flourens
Who all did electrical stimulation?
Fritsch, Hitzig, Penfield
Who created phrenology?
Franz Gall
- First Physiologist
- First to conclude brain as seat of thought
- Also described nerves as canals to brain
- First theory of sleep
Alcmaeon
- Argued fire, water, air, and earth were compounds rather than elements
- First to explain digestion
Anaxagoras
- Explained sensations
- First to assign five senses
- Thinking occurred in bloom/heart
Empedocles
- Founder of medicine
- Naturalistic causes of physical & mental illnesses
- First to classify emotional d/o as natural diseases of brain
- Dreams represent activity of the soul
Hippocrates
Who did human dissections in Alexandria?
Herophilus & Erasistratus
What are vivisection?
Dissection of living organism
- Performed dissections/vivisection
- Recognized the brain as the center for nervous system & seat of intelligence
- Described the circulatory system, digestion, trachea/lung v esophagus/stomach, some parts of brain/functions
- Compared human to animal intelligence
Herophilus & Erasistratus
•Roman of Greek origin & gladiator physician
•Credited w/ idea that brain was origin of thought & connected to rest of body
•Noticed relationship bt head trauma & psychological problems
•Most complete understanding of nervous/circulatory systems
•Believed in physiological basis for mental d/o
-Four-Humor Theory
•introduced talk therapy
Galen (Claudius Galenus)
Who all were famous for reflexology?
- Charles Bell
- Ivan Sechenov
- Maddimir Bekterev
- Two separate nerve pathways (sensory & motor)
* Bells Palsy
Charles Bell
- Father of Russian Psychology
* All behavior was result of reflexes
Ivan Sechenov
- known for his investigation of brains control of motor functions
- all behavior can be studied objectively using reflexes
- Established objective psychology
- Discovered role of hippocampus in memory
- Competed w/ Pavlov
- Suspicious death after Dec 23rd, 1927 meeting with Stalin
Maddimir Bekterev
Who all was known for localization of the brain?
- Franz Gall
- Johannesburg Muller
- Pierre Flourens
- Paul Broca
- Developed phrenology
* Asserted the existence of 35 mental facilities or traits
• Franz Gall
- Agreed that certain parts of brain serve different functions
- Contributions towards understanding perception (law of specific energies)
- Different nerves & what they do
Johannes Muller
- Tested localization of functions of the brain (scientifically using extirpation)
- Determined function by lesions, observed how it affected animal behavior
Pierre Flourens
• Discovered Broca area in frontal lobe (controls speech production)
Paul Broca
Who were the founders of Modern Experimental Psychology (Psychophysics)?
Weber, Fechner, Helmholtz, Wundt
• Main contributions were his scientific techniques
- Just Noticeable Differences
- Two Point Threshold
Ernst Weber
•Established psychophysics
Gustav Fechner
What is Psychophysics?
- Measures & Quantify Perceptions
- Established quantitative/measurable relationships bt environmental stimuli & perceptions
- measured rate of nerve conduction
* Wundt was his student
Hermann von Helmhotlz
- Founded 1st experimental lab in 1879 @ University of Leitzig
- Established Psychology as separate; independent science
- Father of Experimental Psychology
Wiheim Wundt
First lab was created?
1879
Who & when did he start Psychology?
Aristotle 5th Century
The ____ of the Ancient Greek population supported the elite ____ of the population.
4/5; 1/5
•General belief was that magic and supernatural forces controlled occurrences on earth but he
Emphasized natural explanations and minimized supernatural ones
Thales
- Identified human volition as a cause for behavior rather than the Gods
- Reasoning was a function of the soul (located in the brain)
Pythagoras
What did Socrates write?
Nothing that we know of. Plato wrote of Socrates work.
- Born Wealthy in Athens
- Opened the Academy in 387 BC
- Elaborated the doctrines of psychophysical dualism & teleology
- Rejected natural science
- Ideas came by reason, not observation
Plato
What is psychophysical dualism?
Soul (mind) consists of a mortal and immortal part
What is teleology?
Idea that the universe was created by a superior being in a rational way
Teleology gave way to _______________.
Determinism
- Student of Plato, but his first opposition
- The “imaginator of Psychology “
- First to explicitly state the methods we use for research must begin w observation
- “Must study eye in order to understand sight”
Aristotle
- Middle Ages
- Given credit for making Christianity a powerful religion
- Focused on human spirituality (minimized reasoning)
- Only thing to know about physical world is God created it
St Augustine
Historians mark beginning of Dark Ages by three different times:
- Death of St Augustine
- Fall of Roman Empire
- Emperor Justinian closed Academy in Athens 529
Three defining characteristics of the Dark Ages:
- Greek and Roman books/teachings were lost or destroyed
- Little or no progress was made in science, philosophy, and literature
- Christian church became very powerful
Dark Ages occurred in Western World but not in the _______________.
Middle East
Islam Empire was larger than Roman Empire by ______
700
•Most influential philosopher/physician of Islam
Avicenna
- Very influenced by Aristotle and integrated Aristotle and Plato with Islamic thoughts
- Used normal medical treatment
- His canon of medicine was used by European University until 1650
- Used psychological treatments (music therapy)
Avicenna
Who’s delusional pt thought he was a cow so he bound him and called for a butcher?
Avicenna
- Challenged the geocentric theory (earth centered) and proposed the heliocentric theory (sun centered)
- Challenged church dogma and purposefully published after death
Nicolaus Copernicus
- Most famous for posting his 95 theses on the door of Wittenberg Castle church in 1517 “Disputation on the power and efficacy of Indulgences”
- Translated Bible so all could read and understand
- Questioned Catholic Church which led to Protestant Reformation
Martin Luther
When was the beginning of scientific revolution?
1620s
When and what was the Age of Enlightenment?
- 1700s-1800s
- Questioned religious dogma
- Encouraged scientific method and questioning
- Created idea of Dualism
- French
- Study of actions of body which is separate from mind
- Body is physical so it can be studied •Body and mind met at pineal gland
Descartes
- Started Materialism
* All behavior is caused by physical processes in the body (especially the brain)
Thomas Hobbs
What is Dualism?
Separated mind and body
-actions of the body could be studied because they were separate from the mind
What is Materialism?
Only study what you can observe
Materialism led to ___________
Empiricism
Who were the British Empiricists?
Locke, Berkeley, Hume, James Mill, John Stuart Mill
What did the British Empiricists stress?
Experience is our source of knowledge
- Tabula Rosa
* Can study the environment and those things that are observable
John Locke
What is Tabula Rosa
Born with a blank slate and we gain knowledge from experiences as we grow
•Started Positivism
Auguste Comte
What is Positivism?
- Ideas that come from Materialism and Empiricism
- Knowledge is the RESULT of studying that which can be objectively observed (only observable facts matter) and any speculative or inferential information should be abandoned
- Wrote “Principles of Psychology” in 1873
- Marked the beginning of Italian Psychology
- First Italian lab established in 1885 (Institute of Anthropology at Rome)
Gruseppe Sergh
- 1st Female Medical doctor
- Opened Casa del Bambini (House of Children) 1907
- Applied Psychology to education of normal and mentally retarded children
Maria Montessori
- Liked Wundt but introspection should be avoided-Should only study what is observable
- Focused on simple physiological causes of behavior (i.e.-Reflexes)
- Less influential in US & Britain bc works not translated into English
Sechenov
- Got ideas from Sechenov
* Most famous for Classical Conditioning paradigm
Pavlov
- 1st Japanese psychologist
* Behaviorism influential
Hi Kamada
Most ___________ psychologist trained in US and Germany then returned to home country
Japanese
Very little psychology was done in ________ until 1900s
China
What is the importance of physiology in psychology?
- Showed body is controlled by biological factors so it can be studied
- Can also study mind if controlled by biological factors
Who all studied nerves?
Gatvan, Helmholtz
Who studied body via dissections?
Alcamaeon, Herphilus, Erasisttratus, Galen
Who studied sensation/perception?
Lohannes, Muller, Ernst, Weber
- Viewed mind as a machine like a clock
- Determinism
- Sensation and ideas are the only kinds of mental elements that exist
James Mill
What is creative synthesis?
Complex ideas formed from simple ideas take on new qualities
Who came up with the concept of Creative synthesis or mental chemistry?
John Stuart Mill
Who came up with Mentalism?
George Berkeley
What is mentalism?
Doctrine that all knowledge is a function of mental phenomena and dependent on the perceiving or experiencing person.
Who came up with Primary and Secondary properties?
John Locke
What are primary and secondary qualities?
Primary-Size/Shape of objects whether we perceive them or not
Secondary-color/odor that exists in our perception
What was Descartes Mind-Body Problem?
Question of the distinction between mental and physical qualities
What is Empiricism?
Pursuit of knowledge through the observation of nature and attribution of all knowledge to experience
What was Babbages machine?
A calculating machine
What is reductionism?
Doctrine that explains phenomenon on one level (complex ideas) in terms of phenomena on another level (simple ideas)
