Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

BIO 109 > Chap 1-3 > Flashcards

Chap 1-3 Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Biology 101 flashcards
0
Q

Macroscopic anatomy (gross)

types of macroscopic anatomy

A

examination of relatively large structures and features usually visible with the unaided eye

systemic anatomy and regional anatomy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
1
Q

Anatomy

A

To cut back ; to cut up ; the study of structure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Systemic anatomy

examples of systemic anatomy

A

study of the structure of organ system

eg: skeletal system, muscular system, cardiovascular system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Regional anatomy

A

study of a region of the body

eg: knee = skin, bones, muscles, ligaments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Microscopic anatomy

types of microscopic anatomy

A

exam of anything that needs to be seen with microscope (divided into size)

histology, cytology, ultrastructural anatomy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Histology

A

study of tissues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Cytology

A

study of cells (smaller than tissues)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Ultrastructural anatomy

A

study of components of cell (smaller than cells)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Physiology

A

the study of function

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Systemic physiology

A

system of the body

eg: how does the digestive system function?

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Hystophysiology

A

study of nervous cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Cytophysiology

A

study of tissues and cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Morphology

A

study of shape

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Pathology

A

study of disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Pharmacology

A

study of drugs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Microbiology

A

study of small living things

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Chemicals - 6 chemicals that make up 97% of body weights

A

carbon hydrogen nitrogen oxygen phosphate, sulfur

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Organelles

A

parts / structure that make up cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Cells

A

fundamentals of life;

intracellular fluid
extracellular fluid
interstitial
plasma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Tissues

A

made up of cells ; group of cells that have the same function

there are 4 tissues in a body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Organs

A

made up of 2 or more tissues ; have very specific functions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Organ system

A

bunch of organs with the same function

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Organisms

A

made of 11 systems ; most important - Reproductive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Sagittal

A

separate right from left

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Midsagittal

A

separate EQUAL right and left

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Frontal (coronal)

A

separate front from back

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Horizontal (transverse or cross-section)

A

separate top from bottom

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Anterior - posterior

A

towards the front - towards the back

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Superior - inferior

A

towards up - towards bottom

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Medial - lateral

A

inside (middle) - outside (the side)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Superficial (external) - Deep (internal)

A

towards the outside - towards the inside

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Proximal - distal

A

towards the start - towards the end

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Body cavities

A

posterior cavity
anterior cavity
abdominal (peritoneal) cavity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Posterior cavity

A

cranial cavity - brain

spinal cavity - spinal cord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Anterior cavity

A

thoracic cavity - pleural cavity, pericardial cavity, mediastinum cavity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Peritoneal cavity

A

abdominal cavity - contain digestive system

pelvic cavity - reproductive system, urinary system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Membranes

A

help to protect body from foreign attack;

mucous
serous
synovial
cutaneous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Mucous membrane

A

produce mucous

wherever the body is exposed to the outside environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Serous membrane

A

produce serous fluid - outside the heart

parietal layer - on the wall; ribcage
visceral layer - outside of organ

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Synovial membranes

A

found in the joint; provide lubricant to the joint

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Cutaneous membranes

A

refers to skin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Response to stressors

A

homeostasis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Negative feedback

A

correction

eg: body temp, sugar level

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Positive feedback

A

exaggeration

eg: blood clot, giving birth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Element

A

pure form; same type of atom in larger quantity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Atom

A

compose chemicals; single unit of the element

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

Molecule

A

atoms bonded

eg: H2O

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

Compound

A

composed by molecules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

Ion

A

anything with a charge

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

Subatomic particles

A

neutrons
protons
electrons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

Atomic number

A

the number of proton

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

Atomic mass

A

protons and neutrons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

Isotopes

A

an atom that has the same atomic number but different in atomic mass

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

Chemical bonding

A

force of attraction based on octet rule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

Ionic bonding

A

giving and taking of e- ;

cation gives electron to anion

eg: Na+ Cl-

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

Covalent bond

A

sharing of electrons (single, double, triple bond)
a lot more stronger than ionic bond

eg: H2O, CH4, O2

Polar and non-polar bond

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

Polar

A

unequal sharing (hydrophilic)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

Non-polar

A

equal sharing (hydrophobic)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

Hydrogen bond

A

attraction between 2 molecules that contain hydrogen
weak attraction

eg: ice cube floats on water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

Chemical reaction

A

re-association of bonds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

Synthesis (combination, anabolic) reaction

A

particles combine to make a new product

A + B –> AB

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

Decomposition (catabolic) reaction

A

particles breaks apart

AB –> A + B

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

Exchange (displacement) reaction

A

exchanging the partners of the particles

single: AB + C –> CB + A
double: AB + CD –> AC + BD

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

Reversible reaction

A

A + B AB

64
Q

Reaction size: particle size

A

the smaller the particle is, the faster it will react

65
Q

Reaction size: temperature

A

the warmer the faster

66
Q

Reaction size: concentration

A

how much of a chemical we have; the more concentrated the faster

67
Q

Reaction size: catalysts

A

chemical/event that makes the reaction goes faster

eg: boiling heat, enzymes

68
Q

Water: temperature effects

High heat capacity and vaporization

A

H2O has the capacity to hold on to heat, it takes time to do it, and it also vaporized

69
Q

Water: reactivity

Dehydration reaction
Hydrolysis reaction

A

dehydration - synthesis reaction because making new chemical

hydrolysis - H2O broken apart to allow another chemical to break apart

70
Q

Water: adhesive/cohesive properties

A

adhesive - H2O is very sticky

cohesive - H2O is sticky to each other

71
Q

Carbon oxide (CO2)

A

more important than O2
easily dissolves in water
maintain the pH in body
ionizes in water

72
Q

Oxygen

A

doesn’t easily dissolve in water

73
Q

Ionic solution

A

acids, bases, and salts

74
Q

Electrolytes

A

disassociate in water to form ions

acid
base
salt

75
Q

Electrolytes: acid

A

contains excess hydrogen ions (proton donor)

76
Q

Electrolytes: base

A

contains excess hydroxyl ions (removes H+)

77
Q

Electrolytes: salt

A

no excess hydrogen or hydroxyl ions (some can interact with water effecting pH)

78
Q

pH

A

measure of H+ ion concentration

acidic - below 7
neutral/water - 7
basic/alkaline - above 7

79
Q

Buffers

A

resist the change in pH by absorbing H+ and OH-
composed of weak acids and bases
neutralizes acids and bases
near pH 7

80
Q

Organic chem

A

molecules contains C

81
Q

Carbohydrates

A

most are soluble/ dissolvable in H2O
always have the same ratio
divided into groups based on the number of H

82
Q

Isomers

A

same formula with different structure

83
Q

Monosaccharides

A

simple sugars ( 3-7 carbons)

glucose, galactose, fructose - hexasugars
ribose, ribulose - pentose

84
Q

Disaccharide

A

2 sugars joint

Maltose - 2 glucose and 2 glucose
sucrose - glucose and fructose
lactose - glucose and galactose

85
Q

Polysaccharides

A

long chains of sugars

cellulose - long chains of glucose (fibers); can’t digest in the body

amylose - starch

glycogen - how animals store sugars
glycogenesis - forming glycogen
glycogenolysis - breaking glycogen

86
Q

Lipids

A

similar with C,H,O but don’t have a lot of O
different from carbohydrates in ratio
NOT soluble in H2O
composed of chains of fatty acids

87
Q

Lipids: fatty acids

A

saturated - all single bond; produced by animals; raise cholesterol; fat @ room temp

unsaturated - double bong with carbons, produced by plants (lower cholesterol); mono saturated; oil @ room temp

89
Q

Glycerides

A

glycerol with fatty acids

triglycerides
phospholipids
glycolipids
lipopolysaccharides

90
Q

Glycerides: triglycerides

A

very bad
bad cholesterol - clog up arteries and causes strokes
3 fatty acid chain
no phosphate

91
Q

Glycerides: phospholipids

A

phosphate attached
polar head - hydrophilic (dissolvable in water)
non-polar tail - hydrophobic (not dissolvable in water)
main component of a membrane

92
Q

Steroids

A

carbon rings; fatty acid chains that gets squeezed

cholesterol
bile salts
estrogens
androgens
corticosteroids
93
Q

Steroids: cholesterol

A

very important steroids because makes cells flexible

94
Q

Steroids: bile salts

A

necessary to digest lipids in the diet

95
Q

Steroids: estrogen and androgens

A

female and male hormones

96
Q

Steroids: corticosteroids

A

helps reduce stress

97
Q

Protein

A

contains CHNOS

chains of amino acids

98
Q

Protein: amino acids

A

building block of protein
nitrogen side
acid side

20 possible R groups - determines the structure of amino acids

linked by peptide bond (dehydration)

99
Q

Protein: amino acids structure

A

1st primary: amino acid sequence, determines the 2nd structure

2nd secondary: alpha helix / beta sheet

3rd tertiary:

4th quaternary (not all have 4th): separate chains linked together

  • globular: soluble in H2O
  • fibrous: insoluble in H2O
100
Q

Types of proteins

A

determines the structures and functions

101
Q

Types of proteins: structural protein

A

forms structure

  • keratin: hair and nails
  • ligaments: control contraction of body
102
Q

Types of proteins: regulatory

A

help to regulate the body

  • hormones
  • neuropeptides (eg: neurotransmitter)
103
Q

Types of proteins: contractile protein

A

cause muscle to contract

  • actin
  • myosin
104
Q

Types of proteins: transport protein

A

carry things around the body

- hemoglobins (transport oxygen)

105
Q

Types of proteins: immunological protein

A

fight disease

- immunoglobulins (antibodies)

106
Q

Types of proteins: catalyst protein

A

catalyze chemical reaction
- enzymes (ends with -ase except glycogen)

eg: lactose - lactase = enzymes digest sugars

107
Q

Nucleotide

A

nucleic acid (low pH)

pentose - sugar (5 carbon rings)
phosphate
nitrogen bases

108
Q

Difference between DNA and RNA

A
  1. different sugars
  2. 5 nitrogenous bases - purines and pyrimides
  3. function:
    - DNA: genetic code (blueprints for the proteins made)
    - RNA: copy of the genetic code
109
Q

Components of plasma membrane and functions: Mosaic

A

lots of different items in the lipids

110
Q

Components of plasma membrane and functions: Channel protein

A

run from 1 side through the other

gated/ungated

111
Q

Components of plasma membrane and functions: Receptor protein

A

allow cells to recognize each other

112
Q

Components of plasma membrane and functions: Carrier protein

A

transport proteins (pass through membranes to pass materials back and forth)

113
Q

Components of plasma membrane and functions: Cell adhesion molecules

A

desmosomes - allow cell to stick to each other

hemidesmosomes - allow cell to stick to the protein in the area

114
Q

Components of plasma membrane and functions: structural support to cells

A

part of cell shape is determined by cell membrane

115
Q

Components of plasma membrane and functions: receptors

A

receive signals

cell markers: recognize ‘not formal’ cells in our body

116
Q

Components of plasma membrane and functions: trans-membrane potential

A

electrical and chemical gradient (electrical activity)

117
Q

Components of plasma membrane and functions: membrane transport

A

semi-permeable (some things can move through it) - membrane decides the things that are moving into the cell membrane

passive - diffusion (dont require energy for the movement)

active - need energy (ATP)

118
Q

Chemical gradients / diffusion (passive movement)

A

moving from high to low - the steeper the slope, the faster the particle move

119
Q

Chemical gradients / diffusion (passive movement):

factor that influence the speed of movement

A

size of particles and charge

  • the smaller the particle, the faster it moves
  • if inside (+), outside (-), the movement will be fast
  • if inside (-), outside (-), doesn’t move as fast
solubility
size of channels
surface area
distance - how far it has to travel
temperature - the warmer, the faster
120
Q

Osmosis (passive movement)

A

movement of H2O from a high H2O concentration to low

osmotic pressure - the pull on H2O
hydrostatic pressure - the push on H2O

121
Q

Carrier facilitated diffusion (passive/diffusion)

A

molecules carrying particles in/out of cell from high to low

eg: insulin is a carrier of glucose

122
Q

Active movement (energy required)

A

active transport - from low concentration to high concentration (against the gradients)

need energy

123
Q

Active movement (energy required):
uniporter
symporter
antiporter

A

uniporter - pumps 1 ion
symporter - pumps 2 ions in the same direction
antiporter - pump 2 ions in opposite direction

124
Q

Bulk transport:

exocytosis
endocytosis

A

exocytosis - exit the cell

endocytosis - into the cell

125
Q

Exocytosis

A

secrete - a product leading the cell (pancreas makes insulin, insulin is secreted)

excrete - a waste leaving the cell

126
Q

Endocytosis

A

phagocytosis - cell eating (bring the particles in), large particles

pynocytosis - cell drinking (fluid being sucked in), small particles

127
Q

Tonicity

A 
relative concentration (relative to cell)
all cells have the same concentration
isotonic = same concentration as a cell; +/- 1%
128
Q

Hypotonic

A

less concentrated particles in a cell (more H2O)

cytolysis (cell swells and eventually burst)

129
Q

Hypertonic

A

more concentrated particles than a cell (less H2O)

crenation (shrivel cells)

130
Q

Cytosol (main components)

A

cell solution

  1. salt (ions) - primarily potassium; cell actively bring in potassium and bring out sodium
  2. proteins
  3. water
131
Q

Biosynthetic organelles

Ribosomes

A

a type of RNA + protein
make proteins
produced in nucleolus

2 types:

  • free floating: proteins proteins stay inside the cell
  • bound/ fixed with ER (RER): proteins will leave the cell
132
Q

Biosynthetic organelles

ER (endoplasmic recticulum)

A

membrane tube network

  • rough ER (RER): with ribosomes attacked
  • smooth ER (SER): no ribosomes, make lipids ands carbs, stores calcium in muscle cells
133
Q

Biosynthetic organelles

Golgi Apparatus

A

modify products from ER (both RER and SER)

secretory vesicle - packages the products

134
Q

Biosynthetic organelles

Golgi Apparatus - 3 major vesicles

A

transport - incoming products to golgi
secretory - packaging products (secreted)
lisosomes - materials produced by RER but stays in the cell (exceptions); secretory vesicle that stays in the cell; contain enzymes to digest things; autolysis (self-destruct); peroxisome (destroys peroxide, type of lisosome, catalyse)

135
Q

Biosynthetic organelles

Mitochondria

A

outer membrane - identical to cell membrane
inner membrane (cristae) - contains enzymes - produced (ATP)
matrix - fluid inside cristae; has own ribosomes - like ribosomes in bacteria - contains own DNA
reproduce on its own - self replication
lisosomes destroys mitochondria

136
Q

Microfilaments

A

cytoplasmic streaming - constantly in motion

form microvilli - an increased surface area

137
Q

Intermediate filaments

A

tough insoluble fibers
provide structural reinforcement of shape
internal support of vesicles

138
Q

Microtubules

A

small tubes - composed of tubulin
help maintain the shape of cells
important to form spindle in mitosis
from cilia ad flagella

139
Q

Cytoplasmic inclusions

A

store glycogen that are spreading around

140
Q

Nucleus

A

organelles that are composed of internal structure that are also composed of organelles;
double membrane-structure (fluid: nucleoplasm - lower pH)

141
Q

Nucleolus

A

where RNA is composed

142
Q

Chromatin (DNA)

A

long strands of threads

heterochromatin - inactive DNA
euchromatin - active DNA

143
Q

Chromosomes (DNA)

A

coiled for cell division

144
Q

2 steps in protein synthesis

A

transcription - DNA make RNA

translation - RNA make proteins

145
Q

Cell cycle

A

life of cell - when cells contact each other, they stop growing

146
Q

Interphase

A

cell in normal shape

147
Q

G1

A

normal function
grow in size
increase organelles

148
Q

S

A

DNA replicates

149
Q

G2

A

cells prepare for division
can’t produce ATP during division
make extra proteins and ATP it will need

150
Q

G0

A

when cells leave and can’t come back/regrow

some cells will continue to G1

151
Q

Cell division

A

cells divide to make 2 exact copy of the cells

separate the DNA so 1 would go to 1 cell and the other would go to another

152
Q

Process of Cell Division

A

prophase - chromosomes coils

metaphase - chromosomes attach to spindle fibers in the midline (equator)

anaphase - chromosomes are being pulled to poles, spindle fibers are elongating

telophase - chromosomes uncoil

153
Q

Mitotic phase

A

cell division - what happens in body cells

homologous (23 pairs) chromosomes separate

154
Q

Cytokenesis

A

division of cytoplasm

begins during anaphase

155
Q

Chromatin

A

uncoiled DNA

156
Q

Chromosomes

A

coiled DNA

157
Q

Chromatids

A

each pair of chromosomes

158
Q

Cell death

A

apoptosis - cell kills itself (suicide); can be internal / external signals

necrosis - cell lose osmotic mechanism that cause swell and burst

BIO 109 (2 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions