Chap 1- 3 Flashcards
Process of transmitting information from one person to another.
Communication
Exchange of information
Communication
interdependent process of sending, receiving, and understanding messages
Communication
Elements of Communication
SMRCFIC. Sender, Message, Receiver, Channel, Feedback, Interference/Noise, and Context.
Sender
the encoder or source of the message
Message
ideas and feelings that the sender encode
Receiver
the one who receive the message/ recipient
used in conveying the message
Channel/ Medium
responses/ how the message is being interpreted
Feedback
a barrier of communication/ hinder the recipient’s ability to send or receive the message
Interference or Noise
Two types of Interference
External and Internal
barrier in the physical environment
External
Barriers to the physical psychological and mental
Internal
situation and environment in which the communication occurs
context
the use of sounds and words to impart one’s thought and feelings
Verbal communication
spoken word
vocal
writing and sign language
nonvocal
Functions of Verbal Communication
RSMIE
Regulate, Social Interaction, Motivation, Information, and Emotional expression
Used to control other people’s behavior and activities
Regulate
to create relationship
Social interaction
expressing one’s desires, goals, and preferences
Motivation
obtain and give information
Information
orally shows one’s feelings and emotions
Emotional expression
conveyance of meaning through body language
Non-verbal communication
7 functions of non-verbal communication
RRCARCD
To replace, To repeat, To complement, To accent, To regulate, To contradict, and To deceive
replace or substitute speech. (e.g. “I don’t know” and wave hands)
To replace
duplicate and reinforce one’s message. (e.g. act nodding and saying yes)
To repeat
words and actions are aligned with each other. (e.g I passed the test with a tone of excitement)
To complement
emphasize certain parts. most commonly, “VERY”.
To accent
controlling the flow of the message. (e.g. someone’s calling in the phone and it said that they must have to go, and the person says, “ I have to go”.
To regulate
Opposite of the person’s feelings. (e.g I’m alright but it’s facial expression contradict its statement.
To contradict
Gestures and actions supplement the message, in order to be believable.
To deceive
a psychologist for his pioneering work on nonverbal communication.
Albert Mehrabian
set of principles and rules for correct conduct as to what is right and wrong
Ethical communication
the first five principles of EC is created by
National Communication
the sixth principle is made by
Julia Wood
A professor and scholar of communication and gender
Julia Wood
interaction is carried out by using information or communication technology
Mediated Communication
happening at the same time, such as phone calls and chats
synchronous
not occurring at the same time, such as emails
Asynchronous
the milieu of the interaction
Context
the recipient of the message
Receiver
the communicator of the message
sender
the means of encoding the message
channel
transmitting of information by the means of speaking
verbal communication
conveyance of ideas through body language
non- verbal communication
hindrance in encoding or decoding the message
interference/noise
the use of technology in conveying one’s thoughts
Mediated communication
communication that abides by some rules of good conduct
Ethical communication
the verbal or nonverbal signals intentionally or accidentally sent
Message
ho, how are u?
social interaction
i’m mad at you for leaving me
emotional expression
take one anti-allergy pill at bedtime
regulation
turn right at the next corner and drive past the gasoline station
Information
Given the thumbs-up while staying silent
Replace
Saying I’m so full and touching the stomach
Complement
saying I’m not angry in a loud voice and with eyes widening
Contradict
saying i’m glad to meet you, then shaking the persons hand
complement
saying your dog is so cute in a shrill voice
accent
turning your body away and facing another person while the other is still talking
regulate
increasing economic, political, and cultural integration and interdependence of diverse cultures
Globalization
recognition and valuing of differences encompassing different factors
diversity
has helped in erasing the notion of territorial boundaries between countries
digital technology
system of knowledge, beliefs, values, customs, behavior, and artifacts
culture
members of the same general culture who differ in certain ethnic or sociological ways
co-cultures
attempt to fit in with the members of the dominant culture
cultural assimilation
attempt to maintain their cultural identity
cultural accommodation
resist interacting with members of the dominant culture
resistance or separation
the process of interpreting and sharing meanings with individuals from different cultures
intercultural communication
Several forms of intercultural communication
interracial, interethnic, and international communication
interactants are from different races
interracial communication
communicating parties have different ethnic origins
interethnic communication
occurs between persons representing political structures
international communication
includes all forms of communication among members of the same racial, ethnic, or other co-cultural groups
intercultural communication
to see one’s own culture as superior to other cultures
ethnocentrism
an attempt to understand the behavior of other groups on the basis of the context
cultural relativism
the existence of various cultural or ethnic groups within a society.
cultural diversity
reveals how people define themselves in their relationship with others
individualism versus collectivism
communication systems are tradition-bound
cultures with high-context
communication system generally encourages members to exhibit a more direct communication style
cultures with low-context
measures the extent to which individuals are willing to accept power differences
power distance
view power as a fact of life, apt to stress a coercive or referent nature
individuals from high power distance
used only when it is legitimate, they are apt to employ expert or legitimate power
individuals from low-power distance
value male aggressiveness, strength, and material, symbol of success
highly masculine cultures
value relationships, tenderness in members of both sexes and a high quality of life
highly feminine cultures
people perceive mental images or representations that they associate with others
stereotypes
using one’s race as grounds for suspecting a person behaving unethically
racial profiling
can be a positive prejudgement; however, negative implications arise when the opinions are biased
prejudice
can use passive, assertive, or confrontational communication approaches in their efforts to accomplish their objectives
members of co-cultures
refer to a cultural relationship that focuses on individual goals
individualism
the tendency to see one’s own culture as superior to other cultures
ethnocentrism
measures the extent to which individuals are willing to accept power differences
power distance
mental images or pictures we carry around our heads that guide our reaction to others
stereotype
the process of interpreting and sharing meanings with individuals from different cultures
Intercultural communication
describes how we feel about a group of people whom we most likely do not know personally
being strange
is used to explain different human societies or cultures in specific regions or in the world in general
cultural diversity
a strategy used to attempt to fit i or join with the members
cultural assimilation
in 1985, he developed the three concentric circles that group the varieties of English in the world.
Braj Kachru
three concentric circles
inner, outer, and expanding circle
native language used in USA and UK, Canada
Inner circle
2nd language used in India, Singapore, India
Second circle
the foreign language used in China, Russia, and Brazil
Expanding circle
spoken mainly in the United Kingdom
British English
used in Australia
Australian English
nativized legitimately in the Philippines
Philippine English
Language variety differ in
vocabulary, spelling, and pronunciation and grammar
emphasized that the more the students were aware that variations of languages, particularly in English, existed, the better.
David Crystal
considered as the standard and dominated colonized nations
British English and American English
used for informal and casual conversation by a large section of the middle class African Americans
Black English or Negro English
BE has become a means of
positive black identification
is known to have aboriginal languages, abbreviations, and diminutive words
Australian English (AuE)
a Filipino lexicographer who works as a consultant editor for a dictionary
Danica Salazar
set of adopted or borrowed English words and phrases from common Tagalog expressions
Filipinism or Pinoy English
refers to a connecting word, particularly be, linking the subject with the complement
Copula
draws an analogy between the manner of conversing and the types of clothing
Robert MacNeil
the level and style of speaking and writing appropriate for different situations
Registers
the way a person uses language, spoken, or written in different situations
registers
connection that exist between the participants
relationship
refers to the situation
Context
goal of communication
purpose
receiver of the message
audience
proposed the three situation variable that aid in analyzing registers
Michael Halliday
identifies the subject
field
the role of the relationship between the interlocutors
tenor
identifies the way language used
mode
levels of registers
frozen, formal, consultative, casual, and intimate
the language never chane
frozen/static
use is evident in speeches like schools/lectures
formal
evident in employee and the employer, doctor and patients
consultative
composed of vernacular speech
casual
close family and friends
intimate
dummies
pacifiers
nappies
diapers
prams
baby carriages
boots
trunks
pants
trousers
closet
cupboard
baggage
luggage
line
queue
trailer
caravan
elevator
lift
movie
film
check
bill
drapes
curtain
flashlight
torch
subway
underground
fall
autums
vacation
holiday
buckra
white man
tote
to carry
goober
peanut
yam
sweet potato
homies
close friends
bloods
blacks
rednecks
poor southern whites
whities
white people
booze
alcohol
berko
angry
dunny
toilet
chalkie
teacher
pom
English person
dill
idiot
neddies
horses
tea
evening meal
piffle
nonsense
plonk
cheap wine
airplane
aeroplane
check
cheque
pajamas
pyjamas
tire
tyre
traveler
traveller
eon
aeon
anemia
anaemia
dialog
dialogue
mold
mould
whiskey
whisky
