Chap 1-3 Flashcards
Rhetoric definition
Art of finding ways to persuade / convince an audience
Rhetorical situation
TCSOAPS(TONE CONTEXT SPEAKER OCCASION AUDIENCE PURPOSE SUBJECT)
Types of audiences
Real intended invoked
Intended audience
Audience speech is for
Real audience
Who is actually reading it
Invoked audience
Audience specifically named, “ you “
Purpose for learning rhetoric
Be aware of manipulation, appreciate effective communication, learn to communicate honestly
Characteristics of argument
Take a position, arguable, viable
Lots of pathos, already knows “ the truth”
Pursaussion
Argument
Develop a stance, understand other ideas, dialogue and civility
Both persuasion and argument
Change / reconsider opinions
Ethos
Establish credibility by who you are and what you say
Automatic ethos
Reputation already been established
How to establish ethos
Acknowledge you don’t have automatic ethos and anticipate concerns, emphasize shared values
Pathos
Emotion, uses word connotation, plays on desires values and hopes
Connotation definition
Association with a word
Spread of ideas and info to further a cause, overuse of pathos
Propaganda
Logos
Logic, uses concessions in reputations, identifies connections, stats etc
Rhetorical appeals
Techniques to persuade by emphasis on what audience finds important
Denial of validity of other arguments
Refutation
Circumstances atmospheres attitudes and events surrounding a text
Context
Person or group who creates the text, has a persona
Speaker dude
Circumstances / timer place surrounding creation of a text
Occasion
Reader of text
Audience
Goal the speaker is trying to achieve
Purpose
Relationship between speaker audience and subject in a text
Rhetoric triangle
Techniques for annotating
Ask questions, reread, says and does, annotate for main ideas and figures of speech, graphic organizer
Questions to ask when analyzing diction and syntax
What is the author’s driving for? How does she create the effect? How does the effect serve the purpose?
Rhetoric strategies definition
Appeals to logic emotion and Goodwill
Choice of words
Diction
How words are arranged
Syntax
Brief reference to a person event place or art
Allusion
Repetition of the same sound
Alliteration
Sentence used to command / enjoin: citizens ask what can we do together, not how we can do it.
Imperative sentence
Repetition of a word
Anaphora
Similar structure in a phrases
Parallelism
Question posed for rhetoric effect
Rhetoric question
Persuasive discourse, coherent movement from claim to conclusion
Argument
Criteria of argumentative claim
Take position, arguable, viable
States the main idea and position of argument
Claim
States that something is true or untrue
Claim of fact
States that something is good or bad
Claim of value
Proposes a change
Claim of policy
Types of evidence
Relevant accurate sufficient
Specifically applies to the argument
Relevant evidence
Avoids bias is credible uses quotes correctly
Accurate evidence
Enough evidence to support thesis
Sufficient evidence
Vulnerability or weakness in an argument
Logical fallacy
Speaker switches topics to distract from real issue
Red herring
Attack on opponent’s character
Ad hominem
Compares two things that are not comparable
Faulty analogy
Oversimplifies or exaggerates an opposing viewpoint
Straw man
Assumes there are only two choices or outcomes
False dilemma
Faulty conclusion is reached because of inadequate evidence
Hasty generalization
Repeats the claim as a way to provide evidence
Circular reasoning
Assuming first event cause the second event
Post hoc
Someone with an adequate expertise is cited as an authority
Appeal to false authority
