chap 1

Question 1

consensus

kənˈsensəs

[n]

Answer 1

an opinion that all members of a group agree withconsensus (about/on something) She is skilled at achieving consensus on sensitive issues.

There is a growing consensus of opinion on this issue.
an attempt to reach a consensus
There now exists a broad political consensus in favour of economic reform

consensus politics (= which people in general agree with)

consensus (among somebod(about/on something) There is a general consensus among teachers about the need for greater security in schools.

consensus (that…) There seems to be a consensus that the plan should be rejected.

Question 2

equate

[iˈkweɪt]

[v]

Answer 2

equate something (with something)
to think that something is the same as something else or is as important
Some parents equate education with exam success.
I don’t see how you can equate the two things.

Question 3

constitue

[v]

Answer 3

1 LINKING VERB + noun (not used in the progressive tenses)
to be considered to be something
Does such an activity constitute a criminal offence?
The increase in racial tension constitutes a threat to our society.
His action was interpreted as constituting a threat to the community.
2 LINKING VERB + noun (not used in the progressive tenses)
to be the parts that together form something
SYNONYM make up
Female workers constitute the majority of the labour force.
3 [transitive, usually passive] constitute something
to form a group legally or officially
SYNONYM establish, set up
The committee was constituted in 1974 by an Act of Parliament.

Question 4

formulate

[v]

Answer 4

1
to create or prepare something carefully, giving particular attention to the details
formulate something to formulate a policy/theory/plan/proposal
The compost is specially formulated for pot plants.
formulate something :to do something

This new kitchen cleaner is formulated to cut through grease and dirt.

2 formulate something
to express your ideas in carefully chosen words
She has lots of good ideas, but she has difficulty formulating them.
He struggled to formulate an answer.

Question 5

commentary

[n]

Answer 5

1 [countable, uncountable]
a spoken description of an event that is given while it is happening, especially on the radio or television
a sports commentary
Our reporters will give a running commentary(= a continuous one) on the election results as they are announced.
He kept up a running commentary on everyone who came in or went out.
2 [countable]
a written explanation or discussion of something such as a book or a play
a critical commentary on the final speech of the play
3 [countable, uncountable]
a criticism or discussion of something
The petty quarrels were a sad commentary on the state of the government.
The movie is a biting commentary on contemporary life in a big city.
political commentary

Question 6

deduce

dɪˈdjuːs

[v]

Answer 6

to form an opinion about something based on the information or evidence that is available

SYNONYM infer

deduce something (from something): We can deduce a lot from what people choose to buy.

deduce (from something) that, what, how, etc…: Can we deduce from your silence that you do not approve?

Question 7

negate

nɪˈɡeɪt

[v]

Answer 7

1 negate something: to stop something from having any effect

SYNONYM nullify

Alcohol negates the effects of the drug.

2 negate something:

to state that something does not exist

Question 8

parallel

[v]

ˈpærəlel

Answer 8

1 parallel something:

to be similar to something; to happen at the same time as something

Their legal system parallels our own.

The rise in unemployment is paralleled by an increase in petty crime.

2 parallel something :to be as good as something

SYNONYM equala

Level of achievement that has never been paralleled

Question 9

initiate

[n]

ɪˈnɪʃiət

Answer 9

a person who has been allowed to join a particular group, organization, or religion and is learning its rules and secrets

Question 10

intermission

[n]

Answer 10

interval