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PSY 300 (Law and PSY) > CHAP 1 /2 (Intro / Police Psychology) > Flashcards

CHAP 1 /2 (Intro / Police Psychology) Flashcards

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1
Q

Canada is based on _________-

A

Common Law System

  • Past is very important, rather than rules per se
  • Lower courts bounds by higher court rulings
  • Adversarial Roles
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2
Q

Constitutional Bill of Rights (Rights to be informed, to council, to be presumed innocent, etc.) in Canada

A

Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms (1982)

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3
Q

The important thing about the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms, (not being under British rule or jurisdiction) means we can strike down laws which __________-

A

Violate rights

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4
Q

Expert Testimony

A

Does the probative value outweigh the danger of invading the providence of the jury
Is information common knowledge?
Will Jurors see it as the “answer”
Is it ethical to speak for “one side”

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5
Q

Current State of Psych and Law

A

AP-LS; Division 41 of the American Psychological Association (APA)
Law and Society Association (LSA)
Society for Applied Research in Memory and Cognition (SARMAC)
Undergrad and Grad Programs

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6
Q

Our 4 Roles in Psych Law

A

Basic and Applied Researchers
- Lab and Field Studies

Expert Witnesses
- Friend of court?
-Ethical?

Policy Evaluators
- Program Evaluation

Advocates
- Ptp, jury selection, trial prep, etc

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7
Q

Science versus the law

A

Stats relevant? Two Hands? (one hand and the other hand)

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8
Q

Equality versus discretion (should we all get the same sentence for a crime)

A

Man in U.S received 40 years for 22 rolls of toilet paper in Miami
Another, Life for a 100$ fraudulent cheque
For context, Murderers on Average get 20 years

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9
Q

In the U.S, the highly publicised beating of _____ in 1991, sparked action in working on weeding out corruption

A

Rodney King

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10
Q

Mental Health Challenges In Policing - In Canada over the past 25 years, _______ die each year in the line of duty due to suicide

A

6-8 officers

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11
Q

What does the public want in a police officer?

A

Fairness
Respect
Lack of Prejudice (Racial Profiling Issues)
Other Traits

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12
Q

Police Selection

A

The process by which police agencies select police officers
Either by screening out those with undesirable qualities or selecting in those with desirable qualities
Applicant area assessed for physical fitness, cognitive abilities, personality, and job related abilities

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13
Q

History of Police Selection throughout the years

A

Starting being used since the early 1900’s (little care of qualities back then)

1917: IQ tests used to select officers
Terman ; Average IQ for police recruit 84 in California “Dull-normal”
Suggested new cutoff going forward should be “80” - arbitrarily

1950’s: Psychological and Psychiatric screening procedures were standard in many agencies
Introduced Temperament Scales

1970’s: Psych Testing Mandated

Today: Background Checks, Medical Exams, Selection Interviews, Personality Assessments, etc.

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14
Q

Who and how many can apply to the police force in RCMP?

A

10,000-15,000 per year

Canadian Citizen
Good Character
Proficient in English or French
Canadian High School Diploma
Valid Driver’s licence
19 years of age min
Physically fit and meet medical assessment
Be willing to relocate anywhere in Canada

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15
Q

The Police Selection Process
Involves two stages:

A

Job Analysis

Construction and Validation

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16
Q

Define what knowledge, skills, and abilities (KSAs) make a good police officer
What are some KSA’s
Issues:
Stability of KSAs over time
Different KSAs for different jobs
Agreement on KSAs differs (some standard like honesty, reliability, communication skills)

A

Job Analysis

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17
Q

Develop an instrument to measure these police qualities and ensure these qualities are related to performance
Issues:
Deciding on performance measure (e.g, punctuality, complaints, commendations)
What are good ways to assess these?
Want to be able to find a correlation between measure and performance (reliability)

A

Construction and Validation

18
Q

In Construction and Validation of selecting police officers, since its hard to rely on traits, or other qualities, there is ___________, so best to go with ____________

A

No consistent way, so the best way to go is with convergent validity (multiple measures reach the same conclusion, not any single measure)
Ask peers, teachers, academy scores, as many things as possible accurately

19
Q

Very common police selection process through conversation
Goal is to determine if applicant has KSAs

A

Selection Interview

20
Q

Problems with Selection Interviews

A

Research on predictive validity is mixed (How well you did on selection tests is completely random at how you do on the actual job) (Doerner, 1997)

21
Q

Measures aptitude (memory, logic, observation, comprehension)
Used frequently in Canada (e.g, RCMP Police Aptitude Test, or RPAT)
Moderate predictive validity (slightly higher for training success)

A

Cognitive Ability Test:

22
Q

Common Canadian Police Test that measures

Composition
Comprehension
Memory
Judgment
Observation
Logic
Computation

A

RCMP Police Aptitude Battery (RPAT)

23
Q

Minnesota Multiphase Personality Inventory (MMPI)

Inwald Personality Inventory (IPI)

and sometimes

Assessment Centres (Situational Tests)

are examples of

A

Personality Tests

24
Q

Identifies psychopathology (e.g; schizophrenia)
567 items!
Moderate Predictive Validity (Scogin, et al, 1995)
Wasn’t developed for this purpose

A

Minnesota Multiphase Personality Inventory (MMPI)

25
Q

26 Scales of traits
Developed specifically for police selection
Better predictive validity than the MMPI

A

Inwald Personality Inventory (IPI)

26
Q

Involves the simulation of real world police tasks
Work simulation, domestic disturbance, etc
Involves the simulation of real world police tasks
Applicant behaviour is assessed by multiple observers

A

Assessment Centres (Situational Tests)

27
Q

___________ involves knowing when to abide by the law and when to allow for some latitude

A

Police discretion

28
Q

Some say laws cannot take into account _________ police officers will encounter

A

all the situations

29
Q

Police Discretion: Youth Crime

A

Discretion is encouraged
30-40% of youth crime is handled informally (warnings, reduced tickets)
Belief that formal sanctions are not most effective response
Responses include community referrals, resolution conferences, and so on

30
Q

Police Discretion in Offenders with Mental Illness

A

Problems with institutions leads to frequent use of informal resolution
72% of mental illness cases and police intervention are informally resolved (de-escalation, referred to mental health resources)
16% Criminalization
12% Direct Hospitalisation

31
Q

Police Discretion: Domestic Violence

A

Separation; Community referral; Arrest, etc

32
Q

Model designed as a guideline with regard to level of force that should be used
What is “reasonable grounds”
Instructs officer to consider
Situational factors
Subject’s behaviour
Officer’s perceptions
Tactile considerations
And more

A

Canada’s Use of Force Model

33
Q

Sources of Police Stress

A

Occupational Stressors

Organisational stressors

Criminal Justice Stressors

Public Stressors

34
Q

example of Occupational Stressors In Policing

A

Shift Work

35
Q

example of Organisational stressors In Policing

A

Excessive Paperwork

36
Q

example of Criminal Justice Stressors In Policing

A

Frustration at court systems

37
Q

example of Public Stressors In Policing

A

Distorted views of police

38
Q

Types of police stress

A

Physical

Psychological

Personal

39
Q

Police Suicide

A

OPP - 10 officers in the last 5 years, three in one month in 2018

Toronto Police - three in 2023

40
Q

Police officer suicide data is difficult to come by, but experts and police unions say more officers die by suicide than in ___

A

the line of duty

41
Q

Training delivered to police officers to improve their ability to effectively adapt to stress and adversity

A

Resiliency training

42
Q

A psychologically oriented intervention delivered to police officers following exposure to an event that resulted in psychological distress and an impairment of normal functioning

A

Psychological debriefing

PSY 300 (Law and PSY) (10 decks)

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