Chap 1

Question 1

betrayal

Answer 1

NOUN
/bɪˈtreɪəl/
the act of betraying somebody/something or the fact of being betrayed

Question 2

treason

Answer 2

/ˈtriːzən/
noun

• the crime of doing something that could cause danger to your country, such as helping its enemies during a war
• Collocation
  + high treason
  +treason against
  + an act of treason

Question 3

discourse

Answer 3

/ˈdɪskɔːs/
noun

1. [countable] a serious speech or piece of writing on a particular subject
   - discourse on/upon
2. [uncountable] serious conversation or discussion between people
   - Candidates should engage in serious political discourse.
3. [uncountable] the language used in particular types of speech or writing
   - a study of spoken discourse

Question 4

faith

Answer 4

Noun
/feɪθ/
1. Trust in somebody’s ability or knowledge; trust that somebody/something will do what has been promised
- faith in somebody/something
2. strong religious belief
- to have faith
- to lose your faith

Question 5

injurious

Answer 5

Adjective
/ɪnˈdʒʊəriəs/
1. injurious (to somebody/something) causing or likely to cause harm or damage
- Smoking is injurious to health.

Question 6

brethren

Answer 6

Noun
/ˈbreðrən/
1. used to talk to people in church or to talk about the members of a male religious group
2. people who are part of the same society as yourself

Question 7

wary

Answer 7

Adjective
/ˈweəri/
1. careful when dealing with somebody/something because you think that there may be a danger or problem
SYNONYM: cautious
- wary (of somebody/something) Be wary of strangers who offer you a ride.
- wary (of doing something) She was wary of getting involved with him.
- The police will need to keep a wary eye on this area of town (= watch it carefully, in case there is trouble).

Question 7

fervor

Answer 7

noun
/ˈfɜːvə(r)/
1. very strong feelings about something
SYNONYM: enthusiasm

Question 7

mutability

Answer 7

Noun
/ˌmjuːtəˈbɪləti/
1. the ability to change; the fact of being likely to change

Question 8

resent

Answer 8

Verb
/rɪˈzent/
1. to feel bitter or angry about something, especially because you feel it is unfair
- resent something/somebody I deeply resented her criticism.
- resent doing something He bitterly resents being treated like a child.
- resent somebody doing something She resented him making all the decisions.

Question 8

hegemony

Answer 8

Noun
/hɪˈdʒeməni/
1. control by one country, organization, etc. over other countries, etc. within a particular group
-the country’s continuing desire for political and military hegemony

hegemonic (adjective)

Question 8

singularly

Answer 8

adverb
/ˈsɪŋɡjələli/

1. very; in an unusual way
   singularly beautiful
   - He chose a singularly inappropriate moment to make his request.

singular (adjective)
singular (noun) : the form of a word used when talking or writing about one thing:
singularity (noun): the quality of being strange:

Question 9

voracious

Answer 9

Adjective
/vəˈreɪʃəs/
1. eating or wanting large amounts of food
SYNONYM: greedy
2. wanting a lot of new information and knowledge
- a voracious reader

voraciously (adv)
voraciousness (noun)

Question 10

durability

Answer 10

noun
/ˌdjʊərəˈbɪləti/

1. the quality of being able to last a long time without becoming damaged:
   - the durability of the materials used
2. the fact of being able to continue to exist
   - The Fed’s statement yesterday expressed faith in the durability of the U. S. economic expansion.
3. the ability of a person to do something for a long time without getting tired or being injured:
   - A model of durability, he’s missed only 22 of 1,335 games in his career.

durably (adv)
durable (adj)

Question 11

obliterate

Answer 11

verb
/əˈblɪtəreɪt/

1. obliterate something to remove all signs of something, either by destroying or covering it completely
   - The building was completely obliterated by the bomb
2. to make an idea or feeling disappear completely:
   - Maybe she gets drunk to obliterate painful memories.

obliteration (noun)

Question 12

intricate

Answer 12

adjective
/ˈɪntrɪkət/

1. having a lot of small parts that are arranged in a complicated or delicate way:
   - The tiled floor is installed in an intricate pattern.
2. with many complicated details that make something difficult to understand:
   - Police officers uncovered an intricate web of deceit.
3. having a lot of small parts or pieces arranged in a complicated way, and therefore sometimes difficult to understand in detail:
   - The novel’s intricate plot will not be easy to translate into a movie.

intricately

Question 13

deplore

Answer 13

verb
/dɪˈplɔː(r)/

1. to say or think that something is very bad, condemn:
   - The editors deplore the lack of attention given to climate change.

Question 14

fervent

Answer 14

adjective
/ˈfɜːvənt/
1. having or showing very strong and sincere feelings about something
SYNONYM: ardent
a fervent admirer/believer/supporter

fervently (adv)

Question 15

ideologue

Answer 15

noun
/ˈaɪdiəlɒɡ/

1. a person who believes very strongly in particular principles and tries to follow them carefully

ideology (Noun)

Question 16

unsullied

Answer 16

adjective
/ˌʌnˈsʌlid/
1. not made less good by anything; still pure or in the original state

Question 17

culminate

Answer 17

Verb
/ˈkʌlmɪneɪt/

1. culminate (in/with something) to end with a particular result, or at a particular point
2. to have as a result or be the final result of a process:
   - The discovery culminated many years of research.

Question 18

spring (verb)

Answer 18

verb
/sprɪŋ/

1. to move quickly and suddenly toward a particular place or to a new condition:
   -spring out of/from
   - spring out at somebody
   - He sprang to his feet (=stood up suddenly)
   - spring to somebody’s aid/assistance (=move quickly to help someone)
2. MOVE BACK [intransitive always + adverb/preposition] if something springs back, open etc, it moves quickly, suddenly, and with force, especially after being pushed down or sideways
   spring back/up
3. spring to (somebody’s) mind: if someone or something springs to mind, you immediately think of them
4. spring into action: o suddenly become active, start moving, or start working
5. spring a surprise: to do something surprising
   …

Question 19

preponderance

Answer 19

noun
/prɪˈpɒndərəns/

1. if there is a preponderance of one type of people or things in a group, there are more of them than others
   - SYNONYM: predominance
   - There is still a preponderance of male managers in the profession.

Question 20

offshoot

Answer 20

noun
/ˈɒfʃuːt/

1. a thing that develops from something, especially a small organization that develops from a larger one
   SYNONYM: outgrowth
   - commercial offshoots of universities
   - The daily newspaper and its various offshoots have only 25 journalists between them..
2. a new stem that grows on a plant

Question 21

the proletariat

Answer 21

noun
/ðə ˌprəʊləˈteəriət/
1. (used especially when talking about the past)
the class of ordinary people who earn money by working, especially those who do not own any property
the industrial proletariat

Question 22

the bourgeoisie

Answer 22

noun
/ðə ˌbʊəʒwɑːˈziː/
1. the middle class (= the social group between the rich and the poor), especially the people thought to have a strong interest in supporting traditional customs and values
2. (in Marxism) the part of society, including employers and people who run large companies, that has most of the money and power which it gets from the work of ordinary people

Question 23

relentless

Answer 23

adjective
/rɪˈlentləs/
1. not stopping; not getting less strong
-SYNONYM unrelenting
- her relentless pursuit of perfection
The sun was relentless.
2. refusing to give up or be less strict or severe
a relentless enemy

Question 24

dogmatic

Answer 24

adjective
/dɒɡˈmætɪk/
1. being certain that your beliefs are right and that others should accept them, without paying attention to evidence or other opinions
- a dogmatic approach
2. If you are dogmatic, you are certain that you are right and that everyone else is wrong.

dogmatism (noun)
dogmatist (noun)
dogmatically (adv)

Question 25

reform

Answer 25

noun
/rɪˈfɔːm/
1. change that is made to a social system, an organization, etc. in order to improve or correct it
a government committed to reform

verb
1. to become better, or to make something better by making corrections or removing any faults:
- As governor, he reformed election procedures.

reform (noun)
reformation (noun)
reformed (adj)

Question 26

insolvency

Answer 26

noun
/ɪnˈsɒlvənsi/
1. the state of not having enough money to pay what you owe; an occasion when this happens
SYNONYM bankruptcy
- The company is close to insolvency.

insolvent (adj) : (especially of a company) not having enough money to pay debts, buy goods,

Question 27

unrest

Answer 27

noun
/ʌnˈrest/
1. a political situation in which people are angry and likely to protest or fight
industrial/civil/social/political/popular unrest

unrestful (adj)

Question 28

outrage

Answer 28

noun

/ˈaʊtreɪdʒ/
1. a strong feeling of shock and anger
- The judge’s remarks caused public outrage.
2. an act or event that is violent, cruel or very wrong and that shocks people or makes them very angry
SYNONYM: atrocity
- No one has yet claimed responsibility for this latest terrorist outrage.

verb
1. to cause someone to feel very angry, shocked, or upset:
- The proposed pay cut outraged the staff.
2. (especially of an unfair action or statement) to cause someone to feel very angry, shocked, or upset:

outrageous (adj)

Question 29

bargaining

Answer 29

noun
/ˈbɑːɡənɪŋ/
1. discussion of prices, conditions, etc. with the aim of reaching an agreement that is acceptable
SYNONYM: negotiation
- After much hard bargaining we reached an agreement.

bargainer (noun)
bargain (verb)

Question 30

nudge

Answer 30

verb/noun
/nʌdʒ/
1. (Nudge somebody/something) to push somebody gently, especially with your elbow, in order to get their attention
He nudged me and whispered, ‘Look who’s just come in.
2. (nudge somebody/something + adv./prep. to push) somebody/something gently or gradually in a particular direction
- He nudged the ball past the goalie and into the net.
3. nudge (something) + adv./prep. to move forward by pushing with your elbow
- He nudged his way through the crowd.
4. nudge something (+ adv./prep.)
to reach or make something reach a particular level
- Inflation was nudging 20 per cent.

Question 31

illiterate

Answer 31

adjective
/ɪˈlɪtərət/
1. (of a person) not knowing how to read or write
2. badly written, as if by somebody without much education
3. (usually after a noun or adverb)
not knowing very much about a particular subject area

noun
1. someone who is illiterate

illiteracy (noun)

Question 32

enfranchise

Answer 32

verb
/ɪnˈfræntʃaɪz/
1. enfranchise somebody to give somebody the right to vote in an election
OPPOSITE: disenfranchise

Question 33

agitation

Answer 33

noun
/ˌædʒɪˈteɪʃn/
1. [uncountable] worry that you show by behaving in a nervous way
- Dot arrived in a state of great agitation.
2. uncountable] agitation (for/against something) public protest in order to achieve political change
- widespread agitation for social reform
3. [countable] (Indian English) a public meeting or a march (= an organized walk by many people) at which people show that they are protesting against or supporting something
- The situation has provoked agitations all over the region.
4. uncountable] (specialist) the act of mixing or shaking a liquid

Question 34

emancipation

Answer 34

noun
/ɪˌmænsɪˈpeɪʃn/
1. the act of freeing somebody, especially from legal, political or social controls that limit what they can do
- the emancipation of slaves

Question 35

engage

Answer 35

verb
/ɪnˈɡeɪdʒ/
1. [transitive] engage something/somebody (formal) to succeed in attracting and keeping somebody’s attention and interest
- It is a movie that engages both the mind and the eye.
2. to employ a person, company, etc. to do a particular job
- (engage somebody/something): She has already engaged a lawyer.
- (engage somebody/something as something): He was immediately engaged as a consultant.
- (engage somebody/something to do something) Karl Böhm engaged her to sing in Vienna.
3. (engage (with something/somebody) to become involved with and try to understand something/somebody):
- She has the ability to engage with young minds.
4.[ transitive, intransitive] (formal) to begin fighting with somebody
- (engage somebody): He ordered his men to engage the enemy.
5. [intransitive, transitive] when a part of a machine engages, or when you engage it, it fits together with another part of the machine and the machine begins to work
- The cogwheels are not engaging.
- (engage with something)” One cogwheel engages with the next.
- (engage something): Engage the clutch before selecting a gear.

engaged (adj) ***
engagement(noun)

Question 36

suffragette

Answer 36

noun
/ˌsʌfrəˈdʒet/
1. a member of a group of women who, in the UK and the US in the early part of the 20th century, organized a campaign for the right of women to vote in political elections

suffragist (noun)

Question 37

imperial

Answer 37

adjective
/ɪmˈpɪəriəl/
1. Connected with an empire
- the imperial family/palace/army
imperial power/expansion
2. used to describe a UK system of measurement that uses units such as inches, ounces, and pints:
3. relating to a government or country that controls or rules other countries:
- imperial expansion of American power

imperialism (noun)
imperialist (noun)

Question 38

patrician

Answer 38

noun / adj
/pəˈtrɪʃn/
1. a person from the highest social class
SYNONYM: aristocrat

Question 39

peasant

Answer 39

noun

/ˈpeznt/
1. especially in the past, or in poorer countries) a farmer who owns or rents a small piece of land
- peasant farmers
2. (informal, disapproving) a person who is rude, behaves badly or has little education
SYNONYM: lout

Question 40

predominance

Answer 40

noun
/prɪˈdɒmɪnəns/
1. [singular] the situation of being greater in number or amount than other things or people
SYNONYM: preponderance
- a predominance of female teachers in elementary schools
2. [uncountable] the state of having more power or influence than others
SYNONYM dominance
the ongoing struggle for global predominance

Question 41

paramount

Answer 41

adjective
/ˈpærəmaʊnt/
1. more important than anything else
- this matter is of paramount importance
2. having the highest position or the greatest power

Question 41

fringe

Answer 41

noun
/frɪndʒ/
1. the front part of somebody’s hair that is cut so that it hangs over their forehead
2. [countable] a narrow border of hanging threads attached to the edge of something to decorate it
3. [countable] a narrow area of trees, buildings, etc. along the edge of something
- a fringe of woodland
4. [countable] the outer edge of an area or a group
- The factories are located on the northern fringes of the city.
5. a part of a group that is not very powerful, or is more extreme than the main group, and does not include many of its members
- fringe candidate She’s a fringe candidate who has no real chance of getting elected.

verb
(be fringed with something)
If a place is fringed with something, that thing forms a border along the edge:
The river is fringed with wildflowers.

Question 42

possess

Answer 42

verb

/pəˈzes/
1. Possess something (formal) to have or own something
- He was charged with possessing a shotgun without a licence.
2. possess something (formal) to have a particular quality or feature
- I’m afraid he doesn’t possess a sense of humour.
3. Possess somebody (literary) (of a feeling, an emotion, etc.) to have a powerful effect on somebody and control the way that they think, behave, etc.
- A terrible fear possessed her.
4. possess somebody to do something
(used in negative sentences and questions) to make somebody do something that seems strange or unreasonable
- What possessed him to say such a thing?

possession (noun)
possessor (noun)
possessive (adj)

Question 43

earmaked

Answer 43

verb
/ˈɪəmɑːk/
1. to decide that something will be used for a particular purpose, or to state that something will happen to somebody/something in the future
- be earmarked (for somebody/something) The money had been earmarked for spending on new school buildings.

noun
1. an amount of money from the US Congress’s budget to be spent on a particular project:
- A senator obtained an earmark of $1.5 million last year to deal with a beetle that attacks trees, lawns, and crops.
2. to keep or plan to use something for a particular purpose:
- earmark sth for sth The money had been earmarked for airport improvements.

Question 44

teleology

Answer 44

noun
/ˌtiːliˈɒlədʒi/
1. [uncountable, singular] (philosophy) the theory that events and developments are meant to achieve a purpose and happen because of that

teleological (adj)

Question 45

sanctimonious

Answer 45

adjective
/ˌsæŋktɪˈməʊniəs/
1. giving the impression that you feel you are better and more moral than other people
SYNONYM: self-righteous
- a sanctimonious voice

Question 46

coalition

Answer 46

noun

/ˌkəʊəˈlɪʃn/
1. a government formed by two or more political parties working together
- The two parties have formed a coalition.
2. a group formed by people from several different groups, especially political ones, agreeing to work together for a particular purpose
- The network is a global coalition of environmental and consumer groups.

Question 47

foiling

Answer 47

verb
/fɔɪl/
1. to stop something from happening, especially something illegal; to prevent somebody from doing something
SYNONYM: thwart
- foil something to foil a plan/crime/plot
- foil somebody (in something) They were foiled in their attempt to smuggle the paintings.

noun
1. a very thin sheet of metal, especially used to wrap food in to keep it fresh:
tin foil
2. something or someone that makes another’s good or bad qualities more noticeable:
(foil for) The older, cynical character in the play is the perfect foil for the innocent William.

Question 48

innocence (innocency)

Answer 48

noun
/ˈɪnəsns/
1. the fact of not being guilty of a crime, etc.
She protested her innocence (= said repeatedly that she was innocent)
2. lack of knowledge and experience of the world, especially of evil or unpleasant things
Children lose their innocence as they grow older.

innocent (adj)

Question 49

criticize

Answer 49

verb
/ˈkrɪtɪsaɪz/
1. [intransitive, transitive] to say that you think somebody/something is bad; to say what you do not like or think is wrong about somebody/something
- All you ever do is criticize!
- (criticize somebody/something for something) She has been sharply criticized for her comments.
- [transitive] criticize something to judge the good and bad qualities of something
- We were taught how to criticize poems.

criticism (noun)
critic (noun)

Question 50

framework

Answer 50

noun
/ˈfreɪmwɜːk/
1. the parts of a building or an object that support its weight and give it shape
built on a wooden framework
2. a set of beliefs, ideas or rules that is used as the basis for making judgements, decisions, etc.
- a theoretical/conceptual framework
3. the structure of a particular system
- (framework for something) We need to establish a legal framework for the protection of the environment.

Question 51

patent

Answer 51

noun
/ˈpætnt/
1. an official right to be the only person to make, use or sell a product or an invention; a document that proves this
- (patent on something) to apply for/obtain/take out a patent on an invention
- (by patent) The device was protected by patent.

verb
1. to get the official legal right to make or sell an invention:
If you don’t patent your invention, other people may make all the profit out of it.

adj
1. very obvious

Question 52

scrap (noun)

Answer 52

noun
/skræp/
1. [countable] a small piece of something, especially paper, cloth, etc.
- She scribbled his phone number on a scrap of paper.
2. [singular] (usually with a negative)
a small amount of something
SYNONYM: bit
- It won’t make a scrap of difference.
3. scraps [plural] food left after a meal
Give the scraps to the dog.
4. [uncountable] things that are not wanted or cannot be used for their original purpose, but which have some value for the material they are made of
- (for scrap) We sold the car for scrap (= so that any good parts can be used again).
- 5. (informal) a short fight or argument

Question 53

scrap (verb)

Answer 53

verb
/skræp/
1. to not continue with a system or plan:
- They’re considering scrapping the tax and raising the money in other ways.
2. to get rid of something that is no longer useful or wanted, often using its parts in new ways:
- Hundreds of nuclear weapons have been scrapped.
3. to have a fight or an argument

Question 54

swoop

Answer 54

verb
/swuːp/
1. [intransitive] (+ adv./prep.) (of a bird or plane) to fly quickly and suddenly downwards, especially in order to attack somebody/something
SYNONYM: dive
- The aircraft swooped down over the buildings.
2. [intransitive] swoop (on somebody/something) (especially of police or soldiers) to visit or attack somebody/something suddenly and without warning
- Officers swooped on the vehicles as they left the ferry.

noun
1. an occasion when a place is suddenly attacked in order to surround or catch someone:
- He was arrested in an early morning swoop on his home.
2. the act of moving quickly and easily through the air, especially down from a high position in order to attack:
- The bird lifted off for a graceful swoop below the ridge top.

swoopy ((adj)

Question 55

solidify

Answer 55

verb
/səˈlɪdɪfaɪ/
1. [intransitive, transitive] solidify (into something) | solidify (something) to become solid; to make something solid
- The mixture will solidify into toffee.
2. [intransitive, transitive] (formal) (of ideas, etc.) to become or to make something become more definite and less likely to change
- solidify (into something)
Vague objections to the system solidified into firm opposition.
- solidify something
They solidified their position as Britain’s top band.

solidity (noun)
solid (adj)
solidification (noun)

Question 56

polarization

Answer 56

noun
/ˌpəʊləraɪˈzeɪʃn/
1. the act of separating or making people separate into two groups with completely opposite opinions
2. the fact of waves of light, etc. vibrating in a single direction

polarity (noun)
polarize (verb)

Question 57

consistent

Answer 57

adjective
/kənˈsɪstənt/
1. (approving) always behaving in the same way, or having the same opinions, standards, etc.
a consistent approach to the problem
2. happening in the same way and continuing for a period of time
- We have had enough of the party’s consistent failure to come up with any new policies.
3. Consistent with something in agreement with something; not contradicting something
- The results are entirely consistent with our earlier research.
4. (of an argument or a set of ideas) having different parts that all agree with each other
- a well-thought-out and consistent argument

consistency (noun)
consistently (adv)

Question 58

intersect

Answer 58

verb
/ˌɪntəˈsekt/
1. [intransitive, transitive] (of lines, roads, etc.) to meet or cross each other
- intersect (something) a pattern of intersecting streets
- intersect with something
2. [transitive, usually passive] intersect something (with something) to divide an area by crossing it

Question 59

aspire

Answer 59

verb

/əˈspaɪə(r)/
1. to have a strong desire to achieve or to become something
- aspire (to something)
She aspired to a scientific career.
- aspire to be/do something
He aspired to be their next leader.

aspiration (noun)
aspirational (adj)

Question 60

fertilize

Answer 60

verb
/ˈfɜːtəlaɪz/
1. ( to make new animal or plant life develop
- After the egg has been fertilized, it will hatch in about six weeks.
- Flowers are often fertilized by bees as they gather nectar.
2. to add a substance to soil to make plants grow more successfully

Question 61

foremost

Answer 61

adjective
/ˈfɔːməʊst/
1. the most important or famous; in a position at the front
- I’d like to introduce you to the world’s foremost authority on the subject.

Question 62

abudant

Answer 62

adjective
/əˈbʌndənt/
1. existing in large quantities; more than enough
SYNONYM: plentiful

abudance (noun)

Question 63

discriminate

Answer 63

verb
/dɪˈskrɪmɪneɪt/
1. to recognize that there is a difference between people or things; to show a difference between people or things
SYNONYM: differentiate, distinguish
- discriminate (between A and B): The computer program was unable to discriminate between letters and numbers.
- discriminate something: When do babies learn to discriminate voices?
- discriminate A from B: A number of features discriminate this species from others.
2. [intransitive] to treat one person or group worse/better than another in an unfair way
- discriminate (against somebody) | discriminate (in favour of somebody): practices that discriminate against women and in favour of men
- discriminate on the grounds of something: It is illegal to discriminate on the grounds of race, gender or religion.

discriminating (adj)
discrimination (noun)

Question 64

coherence

Answer 64

noun
/kəʊˈhɪərəns/
1. the situation in which all the parts of something fit together well
- The points you make are fine, but the whole essay lacks coherence.

coherent (adjective) /kəʊˈhɪərənt/
cohere (verb) /kəʊˈhɪə(r)/

Question 65

obligation

Answer 65

noun
/ˌɒblɪˈɡeɪʃn/
1. [uncountable] the state of being forced to do something because it is your duty, or because of a law, etc.
- obligation to do something
- under any/no obligation
- I don’t want people coming to see me out of a sense of obligation.
- without obligation

2. [countable] something which you must do because you have promised, because of a law, etc.
   SYNONYM: commitment
   - legal/professional/financial obligations
   - contractual obligations.
   - International obligations.
   - obligation to do something
   - obligation on somebody
   - fulfil our obligation
   - meet its obligations.
   - obligation to/toward somebody

obligatory (adjective) /əˈblɪɡətri/
oblige (verb) əˈblaɪdʒ/

Question 66

entitle

Answer 66

verb

/ɪnˈtaɪtl/
1. [often passive] to give somebody the right to have or to do something
- be entitled to something
- entitle somebody to do something
2. [usually passive] to give a title to a book, play, etc.
- be entitled + noun: He read a poem entitled ‘Salt’.

entitled (adjective) /ɪnˈtaɪtld/
entitlement (noun) /ɪnˈtaɪtlmənt/

Question 67

enterprise

Answer 67

noun

/ˈentəpraɪz/
1. [countable] a company or business
- He is in charge of an enterprise with a turnover of $26 billion.
2. [countable] a large project, especially one that is difficult
SYNONYM: venture
- a joint enterprise
3. [uncountable] the development of businesses by the people of a country rather than by the government
4. [uncountable] (approving) the ability to think of new projects and make them successful
SYNONYM initiative

Question 68

thrift

Answer 68

noun
/θrɪft/
1. (approving) the habit of saving money and spending it carefully so that none is wasted
2. a wild plant with bright pink flowers that grows by the sea

Question 69

underline

Answer 69

verb
/ˌʌndəˈlaɪn/
1. underline something to draw or print a line under a word, sentence, etc.
2. to emphasize or show that something is important or true
- underline something: The report underlines the importance of pre-school education.
- underline how, what : Her question underlined how little she understood him.
- underline that: The report underlined that the project enjoyed considerable support in both countries.
- underlined that: It should be underlined that these are only preliminary findings.

Question 70

vindicate

Answer 70

verb
/ˈvɪndɪkeɪt/
1. vindicate something to prove that something is true or that you were right to do something, especially when other people had a different opinion
SYNONYM: justify
2. vindicate somebody to prove that somebody is not guilty when they have been accused of doing something wrong or illegal; to prove that somebody is right about something

vindication (noun) /ˌvɪndɪˈkeɪʃn/

Question 71

rhetoric

Answer 71

noun

/ˈretərɪk/
1. (formal, often disapproving) speech or writing that is intended to influence people, but that is not completely honest or sincere
the rhetoric of political slogans
2. (formal) the art of using language in speech or writing in a special way that influences or entertains people
SYNONYM: eloquence, oratory

rhetorical (adjective) /rɪˈtɒrɪkl/
rhetorician (noun) /ˌretəˈrɪʃn/

Question 72

unrest

Answer 72

noun
/ʌnˈrest/
1. a political situation in which people are angry and likely to protest or fight
industrial/civil/social/political/popular unrest

Question 73

trustee

Answer 73

noun
/trʌˈstiː/
1. a person or an organization that has control of money or property that has been put into a trust for somebody
- The bank will act as trustees for the estate until the child is 18.
2. a member of a group of people that controls the financial affairs and decides the policy of a charity or other organization
the board of trustees

trusteeship (noun) /trʌˈstiːʃɪp/

Question 74

reign

Answer 74

noun
/reɪn/
1. The period during which a king, queen, emperor, etc. rules
- in/during a reign: The house was built during the reign of Henry VIII.
2. the period during which somebody is in charge of an organization, a team, etc.
- Sir Alex Ferguson’s reign at Manchester United

Question 75

contiguous

Answer 75

adjective
/kənˈtɪɡjuəs/
1. touching or next to something
- contiguous with/to something: The bruising was not contiguous to the wound.

contiguity (noun) /ˌkɒntɪˈɡjuːəti/

Question 76

denigrate

Answer 76

verb
/ˈdenɪɡreɪt/
1. denigrate somebody/something to criticize somebody/something unfairly; to say somebody/something does not have any value or is not important
SYNONYM: belittle

Question 77

uphold

Answer 77

verb

/ʌpˈhəʊld/
1. uphold something to support something that you think is right and make sure that it continues to exist
- We have a duty to uphold the law.
2. uphold something (especially of a court of law) to agree that a previous decision was correct or that a request is reasonable
- to uphold a conviction/an appeal/a complaint

Question 78

exile

Answer 78

noun

/ˈeksaɪl/
1. [uncountable, singular] the state of being sent to live in another country that is not your own, especially for political reasons or as a punishment
a place of exile
- in exile
- into exile
- in exile from
2. [countable] a person who chooses, or is forced, to live away from his or her own country
political exiles

verb
1. ​to force somebody to leave their country, especially for political reasons or as a punishment; to send somebody into
- be exiled (from…) (to…) He was exiled to Siberia.

Question 79

blur (verb)

Answer 79

verb
/blɜː(r)/
1. [intransitive, transitive] if the shape or outline of something blurs, or if something blurs it, it becomes less clear and sharp
- blur something: The mist blurred the edges of the buildings.
2. [transitive, intransitive] blur (something) if something blurs your eyes or vision, or your eyes or vision blur, you cannot see things clearly
- Tears blurred her eyes.
3. [intransitive, transitive] to become or make it become difficult to recognize a clear difference between things
- blur something: She tends to blur the distinction between her friends and her colleagues.

Question 80

blur (noun)

Answer 80

noun
/blɜː(r)/
1. a shape that you cannot see clearly, often because it is moving too fast
- His arm was a rapid blur of movement as he struck
2. something that you cannot remember clearly
The events of that day were just a blur.

Question 81

demonstration

Answer 81

noun
/ˌdemənˈstreɪʃn/
1. demonstration (against somebody/something) a public meeting or a march (= an organized walk by many people) at which people show that they are protesting against or supporting somebody/something
- to take part in/go on a demonstration
- to hold/stage a demonstration
- mass demonstrations in support of the exiled leader
2. [countable, uncountable] an act of showing or explaining how something works or is done
3. an act of giving proof or evidence for something

Question 82

autonomous

Answer 82

adjective
/ɔːˈtɒnəməs/
1. (of a country, a region or an organization) able to govern itself or control its own affairs
SYNONYM: independent
- an autonomous republic/state/province
2. (of a person) able to do things and make decisions without help from anyone else
- Teachers aim to help children become autonomous learners.
3. (also self-driving, driverless) (of a vehicle) that has the technology to drive itself without a person in control

Question 83

opposed

Answer 83

adjective
/əˈpəʊzd/
1. (of a person) disagreeing strongly with something and trying to stop it
- opposed to something: He was strongly opposed to modernism in art.
2. (of ideas, opinions, etc.) very different from something
Our views are diametrically opposed on this issue.
3. (Idoms) as opposed to
(formal) used to make a contrast between two things

opposing (adjective) /əˈpəʊzɪŋ/
opposite (adjective) /ˈɒpəzɪt/
opposite (preposition)

Question 84

tension

Answer 84

noun
/ˈtenʃn/
1. [uncountable, countable, usually plural] a situation in which people do not trust each other, or feel unfriendly towards each other, and that may cause them to attack each other
- international/racial/political tensions
2. tension between A and B: situation in which the fact that there are different needs or interests causes difficulties
3. [uncountable] a feeling of worry and stress that makes it impossible to relax
- nervous tension
4. [uncountable] the feeling of fear and excitement that is created by a writer or a film director
- dramatic tension
5. [uncountable] the state of being stretched tight; the extent to which something is stretched tight
- muscular tension

Verb
1. tension something to make a wire, sail, etc. tight and stretched

Question 85

prestige

Answer 85

noun
/preˈstiːʒ/
1. the respect and value that somebody/something has because of their social position, or what they have done
SYNONYM: status
- personal prestige

adjective
1. that brings respect and importance
- a prestige job
2. admired and respected because it looks important and expensive
SYNONYM: luxury

prestigious (adjective) /preˈstɪdʒəs/

Question 86

dissonance

Answer 86

noun
/ˈdɪsənəns/
1. [countable, uncountable] (music) a combination of musical notes that do not sound pleasant together
OPPOSITE: consonance
2. [uncountable] (formal) lack of agreement

dissonant (adjective) /ˈdɪsənənt/

Question 87

hiccup (hicough)

Answer 87

noun
/ˈhɪkʌp/
1. ​[countable] a sharp, usually repeated, sound made in the throat, that is caused by a sudden movement of the diaphragm and that you cannot control
- She gave a loud hiccup.
2. [countable] hiccup (in something) (informal) a small problem or temporary delay
There was a slight hiccup in the timetable.

Verb
1. to have (the) hiccups or a single hiccup

Question 88

march

Answer 88

verb
/mɑːtʃ/
1. [intransitive] to walk with stiff regular steps like a soldier
+ adv./prep. Soldiers were marching up and down outside the government buildings
2. [intransitive] + adv./prep. to walk somewhere quickly in a determined way
She marched over to me and demanded an apology
3. [intransitive] to walk through the streets in a large group in order to protest about something
4. [transitive] march somebody + adv./prep. to force somebody to walk somewhere with you

Idioms
- get your marching orders:
(informal) to be ordered to leave a place, a job, etc.
- give somebody their marching orders:
(informal) to order somebody to leave a place, their job, etc.
- march to (the beat of) a different drummer/drum | march to a different beat/tune:
to behave in a different way from other people; to have different attitudes or ideas

Question 89

march (noun)

Answer 89

noun

/mɑːtʃ/
1. [countable] an organized walk by many people from one place to another, in order to protest about something, or to express their opinions
2. [countable] an act of marching; a journey made by marching
3. [singular] the march of something the steady development or forward movement of something
the march of progress/technology/time
4. [countable] a piece of music written for marching to
a funeral march

Idoms
- on the march:
​marching somewhere
The enemy are on the march.
- steal a march (on somebody):
​[no passive] to gain an advantage over somebody by doing something before them

Question 90

suicide

Answer 90

noun
/ˈsuːɪsaɪd/
1. [uncountable, countable] the act of killing yourself deliberately
- to commit suicide
2. [uncountable] a course of action that is likely to destroy your career, position in society, etc.
3. [countable] (formal) a person who commits suicide

suicidal (adjective) /ˌsuːɪˈsaɪdl/

Question 91

deprivation

Answer 91

noun
/ˌdeprɪˈveɪʃn/
1 The fact of not having something that you need, like enough food, money or a home; the process that causes this
- children living in poverty and deprivation

Question 92

deprive

Answer 92

verb

/dɪˈpraɪv/
1. to take something, especially something necessary or pleasant, away from someone:
2. deprive of (phrasal verb):
deprive somebody/something of something

deprived (adjective) /dɪˈpraɪvd/

Question 93

vanish

Answer 93

verb
/ˈvænɪʃ/
1. [intransitive] to disappear suddenly and/or in a way that you cannot explain
He turned around and vanished into the house.
2. [intransitive] to stop existing
the vanishing woodlands of Europe

Idioms
1. disappear/vanish off the face of the earth
- to disappear completely
Keep looking—they can’t just have vanished off the face of the earth.
2. disappear, vanish, etc. into thin air
- to disappear suddenly in a mysterious way
- At a stroke she could make things vanish into thin air.
3. do, perform, stage a disappearing/vanishing act
- (informal) to go away or be impossible to find when people need or want you

Question 94

distrust

Answer 94

noun/verb
/dɪsˈtrʌst/
1. a feeling of not being able to trust somebody/something
- They looked at each other with distrust.
- distrust of somebody/something: He has a deep distrust of all modern technology.

distrustful (adjective) /dɪsˈtrʌstfl/

Question 95

equidistant

Answer 95

adjective
/ˌiːkwɪˈdɪstənt/
1. equidistant (from something) equally far from two or more places
- All points on a circle are equidistant from the centre.

Question 96

attainable

Answer 96

adjective
/əˈteɪnəbl/
1. that you can achieve
- attainable goals/objectives/targets

attain (verb) /əˈteɪn/

Question 97

desperate

Answer 97

adjective
/ˈdespərət/
1. feeling or showing that you have little hope and are ready to do anything without worrying about danger to yourself or others
The prisoners grew increasingly desperate.

desperately (adverb) /ˈdespərətli/
desperation (adjective) /ˈdespərət/

Question 98

catigate

Answer 98

verb
/ˈkæstɪɡeɪt/
1. castigate somebody/something/yourself (for something) to criticize somebody/something/yourself severely
-