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cscs > chap 1 > Flashcards

chap 1 Flashcards

1
Q

The axial skeleton consists of

A

skull, vertebral column, rib cage, sternum

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2
Q

Appendicular skeleton includes

A

shoulder girdle, pelvic girdle, extremities

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3
Q

fibrous joints

A

allow no movement

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4
Q

Catilaginous Joints

A

Allow limited movement

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5
Q

Synovial joints

A

Allow considerable movement

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6
Q

Example of Fibrous cartilaginous and synovial joints

A

Fibrous- sutures of skull

Cartilaginous- Intervertebral discs

Synovial joints- Elbow and Knee

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7
Q

Bone ends are covered with

A

hyaline cartilage

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8
Q

the entire joint is enclosed in a capsule filled with

A

synovial fluid

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9
Q

Uniaxial joints

A

Operate as a hinge, rotate about one

axis; Ex. elbow

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10
Q

Biaxial Joint

A

allow movement about two perpendicular axes (ankle and wrist)

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11
Q

multiaxial joint

A

ball and socket joints allowing movement in all 3 perpendicular axes.

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12
Q

Explain the Vertebral Column:

A

7 cervical verebrae in neck

12 thoracic in middle to upper back

5 lumbar making up lower back

5 sacral which are fused together

3-5 coccygeal

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13
Q

Each skeletal muscle is an organ that contains

A

muscle tissue, connective tissue, nerves, and blood vessels

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14
Q

what does fibrous connective tissue do and what are the types

A

covers bodys skeletal muscles

Epimysium Perimysium endomysium

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15
Q

Epimysium

A

surrounds entire muscle, Outer layer

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16
Q

Perimysium

A

The connective tissue that surrounds fascicles.

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17
Q

Endomysium

A

Connective tissue surrounding individual muscle fibers

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18
Q

Limb muscles have two attachments to bone which are

A

proximal (closer to the bone) and distal (farther from trunk)

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19
Q

motor neruon

A

Nerve cell

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20
Q

motor end plate or neuromuscular junction

A

Junction between motor neuron and the muscle fivers it innervates

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21
Q

Motor unit

A

A motor neuron and all of the muscle fibers it innervates

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22
Q

Sarcoplasm

A

cytoplasm of a muscle fiber, Contains protein filaments, stored glycogen, fat particles, enzymes, mitochondria and sarcoplasmic reticulum

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23
Q

myofibrils contain

A

the apparatus that contracts the muscle cell, conisting of myosin and actin

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24
Q

myosin (thick) and actin (thin) give muscle

A

its striated appearance

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25
Q

sarcomere

A

the smallest contractile unit of muscle

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26
Q

Myosin and actin filaments are organized

A

longitudinally in sarcomeres

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27
Q

action potential from a motor nerve signals

A

the release of calcium from SR into myofibril causing tension in muscle

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28
Q

sliding filament theory and phases

A

actin filaments at each end of sarcoere slide inward on myosin filaments, pulling z lines toward the center of the sarcomere and thus shortening the muscle fiber

Resting, excitation, contraction, recharge, relaxation

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29
Q

resting phase

A

Little calcium is present in the myofibril (most of it is stored in the sarcoplasmic reticulum) so very few myosin cross bridges are bound to actin

30
Q

excitation-contraction coupling

A

When the SR is stimulated to release calcium ions, which bond with troponin, causing a shift to occur in tropomyosin, myosin crossbridge now attaches much more rapidly to actin filament

31
Q

contraction phase

A

energy for pulling power stroke comes from hydrolysis (breakdown) of ATP to ADP

32
Q

Recharge phase

A

Occurs as long as calcium is available in the myofibril, ATP is available to assist in uncoupling the myosin from the actin, and sufficient active myosin ATPase is available for catalyzing the breakdown of ATP

33
Q

relaxation phase

A

Occurs when the stimulation of the motor nerve stops. Calcium is pumped back into the sarcoplasmic reticulum which prevents the link between the actin and myosin filaments

34
Q

Contraction of a Myofibril

A
  • (a) In stretched muscle the I-bands and H-zone are elongated, and there is low force potential due to reduced crossbridge-actin alignment.
  • (b) When muscle contracts (here partially), the I-bands and H-zone are shortened.
  • (c) With completely contracted muscle, there is low force potential due to reduced crossbridge-actin alignment.
35
Q

Steps of muscle contraction

A

-initiation of atp splitting, causing myosin head to be energized allowing it to form a bond with actin

Myosin head changes shape and shifts, pulling the actin filament toward center of sarcomere (powerstroke) ADP is released Another ATP will bind to myosin head and head will detach from actin

Myosin head is ready to bond to another actin and cycle restarts

36
Q

Extent of control of a muscle depends on

A

the number of fibers within each unit

37
Q

action potential at nerve terminal causes

A

release of acetylcholine, once enough acetylcholine is released action potential is generated across sarcolemma and fiver contracts

38
Q

precise muscle fibers may have as few as

A

one muscle fiber per motor neuron

39
Q

muscles that require less precision may have

A

hundreds of fibers by one motor neuron

40
Q

all-or-none principle

A

all of the muscle fibers in the motor unit contract and develop force at the same time. Cannot produce a stronger contraction and cannot only activate “some” of the fibers

41
Q

Tetanus

A

the maximal amount of force a motor unit can develop

42
Q

Type 1 fibers

A

Slow twitch efficient and fatigue resistant. great aerobic energy supply. Low force development potential

43
Q

Type IIa fibers

A

Fast twitch Inefficient and fatigable as they have low aerobic power. rapid force and high ATPase activity

44
Q

Type IIx fibers

A

fast twitch. Show less reistance to fatigue than type IIa

45
Q

How can athletes improve force production?

A

Incorporate phases of training that use heavier loads in order to optimize neural recruitment.

Increase the cross-sectional area of muscles involved in the desired activity.

Perform multimuscle, multijoint exercises that can be done with more explosive actions to optimize fast-twitch muscle recruitment.

46
Q

Proprioceptors

A

specialized sensory receptors that provide the central nervous system with information needed to maintain muscle tone and perform complex coordinated movements

47
Q

Muscle Spindles

A

When a muscle is stretched the muscle spindle activates the sensory neuron, sends an impulse to the spinal cord, synapses with motor neuron causing muscle to contract

48
Q

Golgi tendon organs

A

when an extremely heavy load is placed on muscle, discharge of GTO occurs

The sensory neuron of GTO activates an inhibitory interneuron in the spinal cord which in turn synapses with and inhibits a motor neuron serving the same muscle

49
Q

Heart is made up of two pumps

A

Right ventricle- pumps blood to lungs

Left ventricle- pumps blood to rest of body

50
Q

heart valves

A

open and close passively depending on pressure gradient

51
Q

conduction system

A

Controls the mechanical contraction of the heart

52
Q

trasmission of the cardiac impulse through the heart

A

SA node

AV node

AV bundle

Left and right bundle branches

PURKINJE FIBERS

53
Q

electrocardiogram

A

Recorded at surface of body

Graphic representation of electrical activity of heart including Pwave QRS complex and T wave

54
Q

P wave and QRS complex are recordings of

A

electrical depolarization

Pwave- Atria

QRS complex- ventricles

55
Q

T wave

A

repolarization of ventricles

56
Q

Blood vessels operate in what kind of circuit

A

closed

57
Q

artial system does what

A

carries blood away from heart

58
Q

venous system does what

A

returns blood toward heart

59
Q

ateries

A

rapidly transport blood pump from heart

60
Q

capillaries

A

exchange oxygen and other substances between blood and interstitial fluid throughout body

61
Q

veins

A

collect blood from capillaries and gradually converge into larger veins which transport blood back to heart.

62
Q

Hemoglobin

A

transports oxygen in the blood

63
Q

What facilitates co2 removal

A

Red blood cells

64
Q

cardiovascular system

A

transports nutrients and removes waste products while maintaining environment for body’s functions. blood transports o2 from lungs to tissues and co2 from tissues to lungs where it is removed.

65
Q

Skeletal muscle pump

A

Assistance that contracting muscles provide to circulatory system. Contacting muscle compresses veins and blood flows in direction of valves back to heart.

66
Q

air is distributed to the lungs by

A

trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles before air reaches alveoli where gasses are exchanged

67
Q

movement of air and expired gases in and out of lungs are controlled by

A

expansion and recoil of lungs

68
Q

expiration

A

diaphragm relaxes and abdominal structures compress lungs, expelling air

69
Q

inspiration

A

contraction of diaphragm to create a vacuum in chest allowing air to be drawn into lungs

70
Q

Primary function of the respiratory system

A

is to exchange oxygen and co2

71
Q

with ventilation, oxygen diffuses

A

from alveoli into pulmonary blood and co2 diffuses from blood into alveoli

72
Q

is it important to train respiration muscles

A

Regular exercise is good for maintaining respiratory muscle function

this can help preserve pulmonary function with aging

it is not necessary to specifically train muscles of respiration unless following surgery or prolonged bed rest

cscs (1 decks)

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