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Biology study guides > Chao 16-17 > Flashcards

Chao 16-17 Flashcards

0
Q

Gene pool

A

The total genetic information available in a population

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1
Q

Population genetics

A

Science of change in a population

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2
Q

Allele frequency

A

Proportion of gene copies in a population expressed as a percentage

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3
Q

Phenotype frequency

A

Ratio of a group with one particular trait, to entire population. Expressed as a percentage

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4
Q

Hardy-Weinberg genetic equilibrium

A

The concept that the shifting of genes that occurs during sexual reproduction can’t change the overall genetic makeup of a population

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5
Q

What is the smallest unit in which evolution occurs?

A

A population

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6
Q

The 3 was that variations in genotype arise in a population

A

Mutation, recombination, and random pairing of gametes

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7
Q

Name the 5 assumptions that must be made for hardy-Weinberg genetic equilibrium to apply to a population

A

A large population, random mating, no natural selection, no mutations, and total isolation

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8
Q

Genetic drift

A

Allele frequencies Ina a population change as a result of random events

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9
Q

Gene flow

A

The process of genes moving from one population to another(ex-migration)

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10
Q

Assortative mating

A

The selection of a mate based on similar traits

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11
Q

Stabilizing selection

A

When the average trait has the highest fitness

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12
Q

Directional selection

A

When the more extreme trait has the highest fitness

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13
Q

Violation of the hardy-Weinberg equilibrium results in..?

A

Evolution

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14
Q

Where is genetic drift most likely to occur?

A

Small populations

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15
Q

Systematics

A

The study of diversification of living forms, past-present, and the relationships between living thing through time

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16
Q

Roughly explain the difference between a cladogram and a phylogenic diagram

A

Phylogenic “trees” analyze the biological aspects and cladograms focus more on physical things

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17
Q

Cladistics

A

A system of phylogenic analysis that use shared and derived characters as the only criteria for grouping

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18
Q

Clade

A

Group of organisms that includes an ancestor and all of it’s descendants

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19
Q

List 3 types of evidence that could be used by systematic taxonomists to construct phylogenic diagrams

A

Fossils, homologous features, and embryologic evidence

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20
Q

Biodiversity

A

Variety of organisms considered on all levels from populations to ecosystems

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21
Q

Taxonomy

A

The science of describing, naming, and classifying organisms

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22
Q

Taxon

A

Any particular group within a taxonomic sytem

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23
Q

Name of organ naming system developed by Linnaeus

A

Binomial nomenclature

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24
Subspecies
Varieties of a species that live in different geographic locations
25
Phylogeny
Evolutionary history of an organism
26
Shared characters
A featur that all members of a group have in common
27
Derived characters
Feature that evolved only with the group under consideration
28
What does cladistics assume?
That organisms share 1 or more derived characters
29
Molecular clock hypothesis
The greater the distances between a pair of sequences, the longer ago those sequences diverged from a common ancestor
30
Carlos Linnaeus nickname
Father of taxonomy
31
Populations Genetics is the study of..?
Evolution from a genetic point of view
32
The founder effect
When a small group from a population leave an form a new population
33
Genetic drift causes large populations to____ and small populations to____
Remain stable; undergo abrupt changes
34
The bottleneck effect and the founder effect are examples/subcategories of what?
Genetic drift
35
Punctuated equilibrium
Spurts of changes to a species that happen rapidly
36
Microevolution
A change in the collective genetic material of a population
37
Bell curve
On a graph of the frequency of some variable, a curve that first rises and then falls and thus forms a symmetric bell shaped curve
38
Mutation
A change in the nucleotide-base sequence of a gene or DNA molecule
39
Immigration
Movement of an individual or group into an area
40
Emigration
Movement of an individual it group out of an area
41
Sexual selection
an evolutionary mechanism by which traits that increase the ability of individuals to attract or acquire mates appear with increasing frequency in a population; selection in Which a mate is chosen on the basis of a particular trait or traits
42
Speciation
The formation of new species as result of evolution
43
Morphological species concept
Classifies organisms on the basis of their stucture&appearance
44
Biological species concept
The concept that a species is a population of organisms that can interbreed but cannot breed with other populations
45
Geographic isolation
The physical separation of populations due to geographic barriers that prevent interbreeding
46
Allopatric speciation
Happens when new species arise as a result of geographic isolation
47
Reproductive isolation
The inability of members of a population to successfully interbreed with members of another population of the same or a related species
48
Sympatric speciation
Occurs when 2 subpopulations become reproductively isolated within the same geographic area
49
Gradualism
A model of evolution in which gradual change over a long period of time leads to biological diversity
50
Evolution
Change over time
51
Fossils
Preserved remains it tear of ancient organisms
52
Artificial selection
Selective breeding of plants and animals to promote the occurrence of desirable traits in offspring
53
Adaptation
Heritable characteristic that increases an organisms ability to survive and reproduce in an enviroment
54
Fitnessn
How well an organism can survive and reproduce in it enviroment
55
Natural selection
Process by which organisms that are most suited to their enviroment survive and reproduce most successfully
56
Biogeography
Study of past and present distribution of organisms
57
Homologous structures
Structures that are similar in different species of common ancestry
58
Analogous structures
Body parts that share a common function, but not structure
59
Vestigial structures
Structure that us inherited from ancestors but has lost much or all of it's original function
60
Succession
A somewhat regular progression of species replacement
61
Ecosystem
Consists of a community and all the physical aspects of it's habitat
62
Ecology
The study of living organisms
63
Habitat
The place where a particular population of a species lives
64
Community
The many different species that live together
65
Abiotic factors
The physical aspects of a habitat
66
Biotic
The living organisms in a habitat
67
Primary succession
The first species to live in a new habitat
68
Secondary succession
Occurs where there has been previous growth

Biology study guides (2 decks)

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