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Biology study guides > Chao 16-17 > Flashcards

Chao 16-17 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
0
Q

Gene pool

A

The total genetic information available in a population

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1
Q

Population genetics

A

Science of change in a population

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2
Q

Allele frequency

A

Proportion of gene copies in a population expressed as a percentage

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3
Q

Phenotype frequency

A

Ratio of a group with one particular trait, to entire population. Expressed as a percentage

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4
Q

Hardy-Weinberg genetic equilibrium

A

The concept that the shifting of genes that occurs during sexual reproduction can’t change the overall genetic makeup of a population

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5
Q

What is the smallest unit in which evolution occurs?

A

A population

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6
Q

The 3 was that variations in genotype arise in a population

A

Mutation, recombination, and random pairing of gametes

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7
Q

Name the 5 assumptions that must be made for hardy-Weinberg genetic equilibrium to apply to a population

A

A large population, random mating, no natural selection, no mutations, and total isolation

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8
Q

Genetic drift

A

Allele frequencies Ina a population change as a result of random events

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9
Q

Gene flow

A

The process of genes moving from one population to another(ex-migration)

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10
Q

Assortative mating

A

The selection of a mate based on similar traits

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11
Q

Stabilizing selection

A

When the average trait has the highest fitness

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12
Q

Directional selection

A

When the more extreme trait has the highest fitness

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13
Q

Violation of the hardy-Weinberg equilibrium results in..?

A

Evolution

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14
Q

Where is genetic drift most likely to occur?

A

Small populations

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15
Q

Systematics

A

The study of diversification of living forms, past-present, and the relationships between living thing through time

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16
Q

Roughly explain the difference between a cladogram and a phylogenic diagram

A

Phylogenic “trees” analyze the biological aspects and cladograms focus more on physical things

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17
Q

Cladistics

A

A system of phylogenic analysis that use shared and derived characters as the only criteria for grouping

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18
Q

Clade

A

Group of organisms that includes an ancestor and all of it’s descendants

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19
Q

List 3 types of evidence that could be used by systematic taxonomists to construct phylogenic diagrams

A

Fossils, homologous features, and embryologic evidence

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20
Q

Biodiversity

A

Variety of organisms considered on all levels from populations to ecosystems

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21
Q

Taxonomy

A

The science of describing, naming, and classifying organisms

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22
Q

Taxon

A

Any particular group within a taxonomic sytem

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23
Q

Name of organ naming system developed by Linnaeus

A

Binomial nomenclature

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24
Q

Subspecies

A

Varieties of a species that live in different geographic locations

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25
Q

Phylogeny

A

Evolutionary history of an organism

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26
Q

Shared characters

A

A featur that all members of a group have in common

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27
Q

Derived characters

A

Feature that evolved only with the group under consideration

28
Q

What does cladistics assume?

A

That organisms share 1 or more derived characters

29
Q

Molecular clock hypothesis

A

The greater the distances between a pair of sequences, the longer ago those sequences diverged from a common ancestor

30
Q

Carlos Linnaeus nickname

A

Father of taxonomy

31
Q

Populations Genetics is the study of..?

A

Evolution from a genetic point of view

32
Q

The founder effect

A

When a small group from a population leave an form a new population

33
Q

Genetic drift causes large populations to____ and small populations to____

A

Remain stable; undergo abrupt changes

34
Q

The bottleneck effect and the founder effect are examples/subcategories of what?

A

Genetic drift

35
Q

Punctuated equilibrium

A

Spurts of changes to a species that happen rapidly

36
Q

Microevolution

A

A change in the collective genetic material of a population

37
Q

Bell curve

A

On a graph of the frequency of some variable, a curve that first rises and then falls and thus forms a symmetric bell shaped curve

38
Q

Mutation

A

A change in the nucleotide-base sequence of a gene or DNA molecule

39
Q

Immigration

A

Movement of an individual or group into an area

40
Q

Emigration

A

Movement of an individual it group out of an area

41
Q

Sexual selection

A

an evolutionary mechanism by which traits that increase the ability of individuals to attract or acquire mates appear with increasing frequency in a population; selection in Which a mate is chosen on the basis of a particular trait or traits

42
Q

Speciation

A

The formation of new species as result of evolution

43
Q

Morphological species concept

A

Classifies organisms on the basis of their stucture&appearance

44
Q

Biological species concept

A

The concept that a species is a population of organisms that can interbreed but cannot breed with other populations

45
Q

Geographic isolation

A

The physical separation of populations due to geographic barriers that prevent interbreeding

46
Q

Allopatric speciation

A

Happens when new species arise as a result of geographic isolation

47
Q

Reproductive isolation

A

The inability of members of a population to successfully interbreed with members of another population of the same or a related species

48
Q

Sympatric speciation

A

Occurs when 2 subpopulations become reproductively isolated within the same geographic area

49
Q

Gradualism

A

A model of evolution in which gradual change over a long period of time leads to biological diversity

50
Q

Evolution

A

Change over time

51
Q

Fossils

A

Preserved remains it tear of ancient organisms

52
Q

Artificial selection

A

Selective breeding of plants and animals to promote the occurrence of desirable traits in offspring

53
Q

Adaptation

A

Heritable characteristic that increases an organisms ability to survive and reproduce in an enviroment

54
Q

Fitnessn

A

How well an organism can survive and reproduce in it enviroment

55
Q

Natural selection

A

Process by which organisms that are most suited to their enviroment survive and reproduce most successfully

56
Q

Biogeography

A

Study of past and present distribution of organisms

57
Q

Homologous structures

A

Structures that are similar in different species of common ancestry

58
Q

Analogous structures

A

Body parts that share a common function, but not structure

59
Q

Vestigial structures

A

Structure that us inherited from ancestors but has lost much or all of it’s original function

60
Q

Succession

A

A somewhat regular progression of species replacement

61
Q

Ecosystem

A

Consists of a community and all the physical aspects of it’s habitat

62
Q

Ecology

A

The study of living organisms

63
Q

Habitat

A

The place where a particular population of a species lives

64
Q

Community

A

The many different species that live together

65
Q

Abiotic factors

A

The physical aspects of a habitat

66
Q

Biotic

A

The living organisms in a habitat

67
Q

Primary succession

A

The first species to live in a new habitat

68
Q

Secondary succession

A

Occurs where there has been previous growth

Biology study guides (2 decks)

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