changing urban enviroments Flashcards
urbanisation
the growth in the proportion of a countries population living in urban areas
proportion of world living in urban environments
50%
more urban living in rich or poor countries?
rich- 80% already live in urban environments in the UK
only 25% of people live in urban environments
where is urbanisation most?
poorer countries
poorer countries reasons for rural to urban migration
shortage of services in rural areas- promise of a better standard of living (not always the case)
more jobs- industry (secondary sector) in cities as there is larger workface and better infrastructure
richer countries reason for rural to urban migration
in 18th-19th century- machinery took over labour in farm- moved to cities for jobs in new factories
people encouraged back to urban areas due to redevelopment of inner city
another reason why urban areas populations increase
younger people move to work- have kids
better healthcare- people live longer
problems for CBD business’
out of town shopping centres and business parks- cheaper rent and easier car access
urban renewal schemes
encouraging the investment in improving the inner city areas housing, employment, services
government strategies in the 1990s
London docklands
government strategies for housing
new town- Milton Keynes in 1970
urban renewal schemes
relocation initiatives
relocation initiatives
encouraging people in large council houses to move to rural areas to make room for working families
London council encourage older people to move to the countryside or seaside- free moving and money paid
improving CBDs
pedestrianizing areas for shoppers
improving access- better public transport and parking
converting warehouses & docks into SMART shops, restaurants and museums
improving public areas- parks and squares
London docklands
more cars in city problems
more accidents
more congestion
more air pollution- building damage + health problems
solutions to cars in cities
improving public transport
increase parking in city centres- more public transport (park and ride)
bus priority lanes
pedestrianisation
why is their ethnic segregation?
live near people with same background, religion and language
live near services important for culture eg places of worship
same background normally means similar restrictions eg. money
strategies for to support multicultural nature aims
not to mix people, but to provide services for all ethnicities and backgrounds
strategies to help multicultural mix
access to information- leaflets and signs in all languages
making all voices herd- leaders from all parts of communities in decision making
providing interpreters at hospitals and police stations etc.
providing acceptable services for all cultures eg. female doctor only for Muslims
business’ within shanty towns sector
informal sector
self help schemes
government supplies building materials for people to built own homes
government saves money on labour- can be spent on sewers and electricity etc.
site and service schemes
people pay a small amount of rent for a site
they can borrow money for building materials to improve or build house of their plot
rent money used to provide basic services for the area
local authority schemes
improving the temporary accommodation built by residents
eg. in Rio- $120 million spent of favelas
bullring date of re-building
2003
bullring additions
Selfridges-architecture
140 major shops
urbanisation on environment
waste disposable problems- sewage
air pollution- burning fuel, exhaust and factories
more water pollution - toxic chemical from industries
why cant poorer countries deal with waste
less money- toxic waste disposal is expensive- more urgent needs eg. healthcare
infrastructure- no roads to reach squatter settlements
scale- a huge problem that cant be fixed easily
water pollution unexpected effects
chemicals build up in food chain and can poison humans who eat it
making a city sustainable
schemes to reduce waste
conserving green space- brownfield site (also makes it look nicer)
refurbish historic buildings
carbon- neutral homes(makes as much energy as it uses)
creating an efficient transport system
people are more likely to support sustainable schemes if
they are involved in the decision making
