changing the economic world

Question 1

How has tourism contributed to Jamaica’s development (employment)

Answer 1

tourism is the main source of employment. provides 200,000 people have jobs in hotels,transport and tourist attractions. boosts local economy and helps people learn new skills.

Question 2

How has tourism contributed to Jamaica’s development (infrastructure)

Answer 2

High level of investment on north coast. new facilities have been built like hotels. however improvements in roads and airports have been slower

Question 3

How has tourism contributed to Jamaica’s development (Quality of Life)

Answer 3

live in high quality housing (wealthy Jamaicans), large number of people live in poor housing with limited food supply and inadequate access to fresh water, health core and education.

Question 4

How has tourism contributed to Jamaica’s development (the environment)

Answer 4

mass tourism creates footpath erosion, excessive water and harmful emissions. improved by landscaping.

Question 5

suggest 2 ways that the level of economic development of a country might affect the quality of life of its people

Answer 5

1) If a country has a low economic development then they will not be able to be payed as much resulting in no basic human needs like clean water
2) They will not be able to afford healthcare, likely resulting in the death of a family member.

Question 6

what do you always need to when it gives you data or a map or a figure

Answer 6

you need specifics e.g. numbers or countries, you need to use the words, ‘in figure 1 i can see that…‘and if it mentions the distribution use TEA.

Question 7

Explain the impact of population decline at stage 5 of the DTM on economic development

Answer 7

it is increasing because the population is slightly decreasing however the life expectancy is increasing so more people can get an education, giving the country a higher literacy rate and therefore work and pay tax so the country will have more money and they wont have as many people with benefits, however in countries like Japan with many elderly who cant work they are having to have benefits therefore the government have to give money to them, resulting in a decline in the economic development.

Question 8

what does ‘sustainable development’ mean

Answer 8

to develop a country without affecting the development of the country’s future residents.

Question 9

what is globalisation and why has it affected the structure of the U.K economy? (4 Marks)

Answer 9

globalisation is linking physical, human and economic structures around the world. in 1945, after WW2 had finished, the government took over everything to try and improve it however they didn’t have enough money to sustain it. the government was spending money on ‘propping up’ their companies like British boats, this wasn’t a good idea because planes had just been invented so they were quicker and cheaper. however now the government has changed because in 1979 private companies started buying different industries. this created competition so older industries were closed down so many people lost their jobs.

Question 10

Deindustrialisation

Answer 10

the process of going from secondary to primary

Question 11

Globalisation definition

Answer 11

the linking together of different countries- their economies, businesses and trade as well as communications and IT

Question 12

Government policies

Answer 12

the rules the government sets itself in terms of how it develops the country’s industry, taxes and businesses.

Question 13

Government policies- 2010 onward

Answer 13

banks were in debt so people wanted their money back but couldn’t because the bank gave huge amounts of money to people who wanted loans, to rebalance the economy the government had to pay the banks.also there were improvements on the manufacturing industry, they created straight roads from locations they needed so it made it easier to transport freight. they now use smart motorways (M18, M62, M1, A1)

Question 14

how has the economy of the UK changed

Answer 14

Before 1800 most people worked in farming, mining or related activities (primary industry). the industrial revelation shifted the economy so more people worked in manufacturing and factories.in the past few decades we have experienced another shift of jobs in the service sector. this includes financial services and office work. most recently the Quaternary sector has developed with jobs in research, IT and media.

Question 15

globalisation

Answer 15

been made possible by developments in transport, communications and through the development of the internet. it is now easier to buy product from abroad. globalisation has been responsible for the explosion of the Quaternary sector in the UK. many people now work for global brands and products. it has allowed the greater world trade and enabled more products to be imported into the UK. this has them led to a decline of the UK’s manufacturing industries.

Question 16

post-industrial economy

Answer 16

an economy based around tertiary industry, after all the factories are shut down e.g. UK, Spain and Italy

Question 17

business and science parks

Answer 17

a collection of scientific and technological knowledge- based businesses located on a single site. it is an efficient way of running a businesses, with all the things they need on one site e.g. Cambridge science park.

Question 18

Types of pollution

Answer 18

Visual Pollution (aesthetically pleasing), Water pollution (affects birds, fish and us), soil pollution, air pollution and resources pollution.

Question 19

Impacts of industry

Answer 19

1) Manufacturing plants can create aesthetic pollution
2) Industrial processes can cause air and water pollution as well as degrading the soil (less crops)
3) the waste products from manufacturing industries are often taken to landfill and this can pollute the air, water and soil.
4) Manufacturing processes can emit harmful chemicals e.g. Methane and CO2 that pollute the atmosphere.

Question 20

Impacts of quarrying industry

Answer 20

1) Quarries are an eyesore and destroy the habitat of many different animals
2) To break the rock the quarry uses explosives which cause noise pollution and add dust to the surrounding air
3) Lorries transport the limestone which adds to the traffic coming in and out of the town
4) With more lorries more carbon dioxide is released which is a greenhouse gas
5) Quarrying can pollute nearby water sources

Question 21

what is the state of Jamaica’s economy

Answer 21

2.7 million people (population), only 1 million can work- either too young or too old.sell sugar, rum, oil, bauxite. lots of tourism

Question 22

where is Jamaica

Answer 22

located in the Carrabien- south of USA
doesn’t share borders- island
to the south of Cuba
to the north east of central america

Question 23

how has economic development affected the QoL for people in Nigeria

Answer 23

QoL is commonly measures using the UN’s HDI. Nigeria’s HDI has been increasing steadily from 2005. it has risen from 0.465 in 2005 to 0.505 in 2013. life expectancy has risen from 46 in 1990 to 52 in 2013. mobile phone subscriptions has increased from 0 in 1990 to 73 in 2013. mortality rates have decreased from 213/1000 in 1990 to 117/1000 in 2013. despite clear improvements many people are still poor with limited access to services such as safe water and sanitation problems e.g. % of people with sanitation problems dropped from 37% in 1990 to 28% in 2013. corruption has been a major factor and oil wealth was not used to diversify the economy. now the price of oil has fallen and technology is leading to the developments of shale oil everywhere. therefore Nigeria’s over dependence on oil could be a problem in the future.

Question 24

what prevents aid from being used effectively

Answer 24

corruption by the government and by individuals is a major factor is the loss of aid and donors may have political influences over what happens to the aid

Question 25

examples of aid in Nigeria

Answer 25

Aid from the U.S.A helps educate and protect people against the spread of HIV and AIDS. the NGO nets for life provides education on malaria prevention and distributes anti- mosquito nets to households and in 2014 the world bank approved US$500 million to fund development projects and provide long term loans to businesses.

Question 26

the impacts of international aid in Nigeria

Answer 26

4% of aid is given to African countries. in 2019 aid represented 0.5% of Nigeria is GNI- nearly US$5000 million. most came from individual countries e.g. UK and USA and some from international organisations such as the world bank. Charities and NGOs have also supported aid projects in Nigeria

Question 27

Disadvantages of TNC’s (Nigeria)

Answer 27

• Oil spills have caused water pollution and soil degradation reducing agriculture production and fishing yield.
• Frequent oil flares send toxic fumes into the air
• Militant groups disrupt oil supply in the delta
• if people get rich they will leave
• Steal oil- while smoking- explode- water doesn’t mix with oil.

Question 28

Advantages of TNC’s (Nigeria)

Answer 28

• making major contributions in taxes and export revenue
• providing employment for 65,000 Nigerian workers- trained
• giving 91% of shell contracts to Nigerian companies
• supporting the growth of Nigeria’s energy sector- employment being payed 10x the amount of other people

Question 29

Role of TNC’s in Nigeria

Answer 29

40 TNC’s in Nigeria- most headquarters in UK, USA or Europe e.g. KFC, Shell oil
Shell oil is one of the world’s largest oil companies. since oil was discovered in Niger delta in 1958 shell’s operations have been controversial.

Question 30

how is manufacturing affecting economics development

Answer 30

• regular paid work gives people more secure income and provides larger home market for purchasing products such as cars and electrical appliances
• As industries grow more people are employed and revenue from taxes increase.
• A thriving industrial sector attracts foreign investment which stimulates further economic growth.

Question 31

Where is Nigeria

Answer 31

Located north-west Africa, bordering countries including Benin, Chad, Niger and Cameroon. it is situated on the Atlantic coast

Question 32

Name 4 ways to narrow the development gap.

Answer 32

• Tourism provides increases income and increase in money entering the country
• Aid- spent on development projects- improving clean water supplies, building and dams
• Fair trade- Farmers in LEDC’s can provide for their families
• Debt relief- some/all debt of a country is cancelled or interest rates are lowered. more money available to improve area e.g. Zambia- $4 billion cancelled in 2005- in 2006 they had enough money to give free healthcare to millions

Question 33

Nigeria’s regional importance

Answer 33

• Nigeria has one of the most fastest growing economies in Africa.
• in 2014, it had the highest GDP in the continent and the 3rd largest manufacturing sector
• it is the most populated country in Africa- with a population of 182 million and 70% of the population are employed in agriculture
• Nigeria has the highest farm output in Africa

Question 34

Nigeria’s Global Importance

Answer 34

• In 2014, Nigeria became the world’s 21st largest economy
• Nigeria has the world’s highest average GDP growth rate 2010-15
• Nigeria supplies 2.7% of the world’s oil
• Nigeria has also developed a very diverse economy which now includes financial services, telecommunications and the media e.g. call centres for BT, EE, Vodafone, HSBC and Barclays
• Nigeria is the 5th largest contributor to the UN peacekeeping missions around the world.

Question 35

Nigeria’s trading relationships

Answer 35

• Nigeria is a major trading nation. Its main exports are crude, refined petroleum, natural gases, cocoa, cotton and rubber.
• Almost 50% of all exports to the EU
• one of the fastest growing imports is telephones. imported from China, these are in demand from Nigeria’s growing population and emerging middle class, Nigeria ranks 7th in the world for the number of mobile phones used, the UK is 17th.
• India is Nigeria’s biggest customer for crude oil
• Between 2013+2014 exports of crude oil have increased by 40%

Question 36

Social Context

Answer 36

Multi-Ethnic- Yoruba (21%),Hausa and the Fulani (29%) and Igbo (18%). Islam and Christianity are widely practised, causes conflict. Economic equality between North and South (huge variations of wealth). Having an education or a right to healthcare depends on religion. Rise of Boko Haram- terrorists- abducted girls took them to a jungle for years and years and converted them.

Question 37

Cultural Context

Answer 37

Nigerian music is enjoyed across the continent. Nigerian cinema known as Nollywood (makes millions)- 2nd largest film industry in the world. Nigerian football team won the African Cup of Nations 3 times, most recent 2013. Huge in Africa- regional importance very important to Nigerian people.

Question 38

Environmental Context

Answer 38

Nigeria’s natural environmental form a series of bands across the country. this reflects the decreasing rainfall from the north to south. to the North of Nigeria the Sahel and Sahara can be found. Savanna can be found in the upland region of central Nigeria. Southern Nigeria- high temp and high annual rainfall (similar to rainfall climates)

Question 39

The Environmental impacts of economic development in Nigeria

Answer 39

Created negative impacts: In Lagos many harmful pollutants go directly in to open drains and water channels- these are harmful to people and damage ecosystems downstream. 70-80% of Nigeria’s forest have been destroyed through logging, urban expansion and industrial development. Many species have disappeared e.g. cheetahs, giraffes and 500 species of plants. Many oil spills in the Niger Delta have had disastrous impacts on freshwater and marine ecosystems. commercial farming and inappropriate practices have led to land degradation and there is water pollution due to chemicals and soil erosion

Question 40

Political Context

Answer 40

Nigeria became independent from the UK in 1960- Nigeria’s army then became in charge- CHAOS! lots of power struggles resulted in a series of dictatorships and a civil war between 1967-1970. lack of political stability affected Nigeria’s development and corruption. 1999- stable government- starting to develop- democracy- several countries starting to invest in Nigeria e.g. American companies e.g. General Electric- investing in new power plants.

Question 41

Nigeria’s changing Industrial structure

Answer 41

1999- major changes in Nigeria’s industrial structure
employment in agriculture has fallen from 70% to 33% in 2012- this is because farm machinery is used more and because of better pay and conditions in other sectors of the economy. Industrialisation and economic growth (secondary sector) under a stable government has increased employment in oil production, manufacturing of products such as construction, motor manufacturing and sugar refining. The % employed in manufacturing has increased from 20% in 1999 to 33% in 2012. the growth of the tertiary sector- communications retail and finance. This has increased from 10% to 33%. these changes mean that Nigeria now has a balances economy- an even balance the different sector.

Question 42

The Outer Hebrides- in 1948 how many fishing boats were there and how many are there in 2013 and what does this mean?

Answer 42

1948- over 900, now only 4, this means there aren’t many jobs meaning no one will want to live there.

Question 43

What is the north-south divide?

Answer 43

it is an imagery theory that splits the north of the UK and the south it is unlikely to be accurate however it is factual that the houses and the wages are more expensive.

Question 44

Use figure 8 and a case study to explain the causes of decline in remote rural areas. FIGURE 8: VILLAGE LIFE “WILL DIE WITHIN A GENERATION” AS COSTS FORCE YOUNG PEOPLE TO CITIES (9 marks+3 SPAG)

Answer 44

One of the causes of decline in remote rural areas like the Hebrides is that there is a very limited amount of people that live there, for example, there are around 8 pupils in a school and it is expected to decline even further over the next few years, this is because people don’t want to live there if there is no WiFi or people to interact with. As a result of the population, there is a lack of employment, for example in 1948 there were over 900 fishing boats whereas in 2013 there was around 4, this means the maximum number of jobs would be about 20-25.
Another reason young people may move to cities is because there is an increase in tourism by 27% from 2007-2014, these tourists need to use the roads however the roads were not built to withhold a certain amount of use therefore they break. this means they will have to rebuild the roads but they are not able to support the scale of tourism therefore need to provide an alternative source of income. however the Hebrides are a very extreme rural area, so if there was a rural area, it may be cheaper than a city like London and be in short distances of cities.