changing spaces making places Flashcards
what characteristics make up the identity of a place?
-physical geography
-demography
-socio economic
-cultural
-political
-built environments
what is the physical geography of a place
-altitude
-slope angle
-aspect
-drainage
-geology
what is the demography of a place
number of inhabitants
-their ages, gender and ethnicity
what are the socio economic factors of a place
-employment
-income
-family status
-education
what are the cultural factors of a place
-religion
-local traditions
-local clubs
-societies
what are the political factors of a place
-local, regional and national governments
-local groups such as resident associations
what is the meaning of built environments
-age and style of building including building materials
-density of housing
what is globalisation?
The increasing interconnectedness and interdependence of the world, economically, socially politically and culturally
what is globalisation in terms of space?
A set of forces that are changing the ways in which people experience, and understand both familiar and unfamiliar places
What is the term global village mean?
used to convey the idea the world has become smaller, not physically, but because of its greater interconnectedness
What is times space compression?
Space is no longer a barrier, and once was to communication and movement of people, good and ideas
Communications and the flows of goods, and now quicker speeding up the world
what are the two ways places can be represented
Formally and informally
What are methods of informal representation?
TV
Film
Music
Art
Photography
Literature
Graffiti
Blogs
what do informal representations show?
They build up strong, fictional representations of places that are not always accurate, but are subjective
what is a method of formal representation?
Census
-Includes lots of data and factual statistics that are completed every 10 years
-includes personal information such as date of birth, gender, ethnicity, education, and more
what is household?
A basic source of data- one person, living alone, or a group of people living at the same address who share facilities are represented
how is representing rural places hard?
Has some degree subjectivity and biased due to the boundaries being difficult to determine
How do rural areas differentiate from urban areas?
-closely nit, supportive community, where everyone knows everyone
-more conservative and traditional in views
-More homogenous ethnically
-Less mobility, both spatially and socially
what factors influence perception of a place?
Age
Gender
Sexuality
Religion
role in society
how does age influence perception of a place?
Perceptions changes as you age
eg/ the park —— child plays on swings
—— teenager does other recreational things like skateboarding
—-a parent might see the park as a place of danger
What is the life-cycle in terms of perception of place?
involves changing residence
-Moves associated with changes in income and family size
How does gender influence perception of place?
-in different societies roles of men and women are reflected in the way they can move around the places they use
-Many places are defined as male or female places
-males are excluded from certain places in a male dominated and controlled society
what is geography of fear?
-Influence mental and decisions they make about where when and how they go to certain places
-Some places are perceived as unsafe on the basis of their gender
-So they are avoided by people
how does sexuality influence perception of a place?
-Influences the way people use places
-Acceptance of different sexualities become more widespread
-places acquire meaning where LGBT groups cluster and they have been identified in mapped
examples of sexuality influencing perception of place
-Gay, friendly club, bars, and restaurants like Castro District in San Francisco
-Brighton is the LGBT capital of the UK
-Research found links between these places and ghetto
how do places benefit from LGBT places?
Places like Manchester, Brighton and San Francisco benefit from the tourism and revenue from these places
How does religion influence perception of place?
-locations have spiritual meanings
-Jerusalem has religious significance for Judaism, Christianity and Islam
why does Judaism have religious significance in Jerusalem?
Jerusalem represents Judaisms most sacred site and is the ancient capital of the Jewish state
why does christianity have religious significance in Jerusalem?
Site of Christ crucifixion and resurrection. Jerusalem represents Christianity most holy site
why does Islam have religious significance in Jerusalem?
A site of Mohammed night journey and Islam’s third, most sacred shrine, the dome of rock
why is Jerusalem contested space?
Many different religions and people moving there
-City has been captured, 11 times in the past 1500 years and destroyed and rebuilt five times
where do 6 million pilgrims visit every year
The lourdes- foothills of the Pyrenees in South France
-Became a place where people travel to bathe or drink spring water flowing from the cave, where visions of Mary took place
-Said to have curative powers
How does the role that we have influence perception of place?
-each of us performs a variety of roles at different times
-The role we have can influence our perceptions of a location and how we behave
-E.g. you are likely to act different at a shopping centre in front of your friends than your grandparents or parents
what can roles influence?
-perception of fear, insecurity and anxiety
-They reflected in the way boundaries are used to include or exclude people and activities
-London many residential developments try to exclude certain people living in them as the lease is contained rules about who could rent them
-Some landowners and developers, try to sustain a high social economic status for their developments
-gated communities are becoming increasingly common
what characteristics make up a place?
-Physical geography
-Demography
-Socio economic(employment/income)
-Cultural
-Political
-Built environments(age and style of buildings
What is social inequality?
-differences based on age, ethnicity, gender, religion, education, and wealth that exists in all societies
-differences can raise moral issues and lead to spatial inequality debates
What is quality of life?
-The extent to which peoples needs and desires are met
-Seen in areas, such as the treatment of people
what is standard of living?
-The ability to access goods and services
-Includes basic needs such as food and water, clothes, housing and personal mobility
what does a rise in income lead to?
-increase standard of living and income, but decrease quality of life
-Longer hours at work, longer daily commutes, migration away from family and friends
What is deprivation?
-when a persons, well-being fall below a generally regarded minimum
-Range of factors measure this such as employment, housing, health and education
What is poverty?
Not having enough money to support a decent standard of living
what is the index of multiple deprivation?
-what The UK government uses to assess relative levels of deprivation
What does the index of multiple deprivation use?
income
Employment
Health
Education
Crime
Access to housing
Living environment
What are the ways of measuring social inequality?
income
Housing
Education
Healthcare
Employment
HDI
how is social inequality measured through income?
-$1.90/day = extreme poverty
-People below this income struggled to afford basic necessities
-In UK relative poverty is measured by comparing household income to the medium income with a 60% threshold
How many people fall below the threshold of median income
14 million
what is the Gini coefficient?
-used to measure income in a quality within countries
-Values between zero and one
-The lower the number, the more equal income distribution
how is housing used to measure social inequality?
-It’s related to income levels
-Housing tenure
-Owner occupiers- outright own their houses
-Some rent from private landlords others from the council
-In LIC in some areas, there’s a well organised system of landlords and tenants
What is a squatter settlement?
-Should only be used where people have no right to the land they occupy
What are formal means of education?
-Schools, colleges apprenticeships and unis
what are informal means of education
-They gained from doing something at home, or in the workplace, for example, learning how to cook
How is inequality shown through education?
-contrasting literacy level levels given indication of inequality
-Globally, there’s a big inequality which links directly to gender equality
how is healthcare used to show social inequality globally
-Links between poverty and ill Health
-Number of healthcare professionals and measure of number of doctors per 1000 people describe health inequality on a global scale
how is social inequality shown through healthcare in the UK?
-Depending on where you live the level of medical provision, through the NHS varies
-through differences in levels of morbidity and life expectancy
what factors have significant influences on health and can cause inequality?
-Access to clean water
-Effective sanitation
-Quantity and quality of diet
-type of housing
-air quality
How does employment measure social inequality?
-It’s hard to assess as not all countries to find employment as the same, and don’t record all people
-urban areas often have a high income and employment rate the rural areas
-In urban areas in LIDCs and EDCs millions make a living in the informal sector where they have long work days and low wages
What is HDI?
-Human development index
-Since it’s 1990. There’s been an annual assessment of level of development based on economic and social indicators, such as:
— life expectancy at birth
— education using an adult literacy rate and number of years in school
— income adjusted to take account of purchasing power in the country
-Ranges from 1(most developed) to 0 (least developed)
what is the role of globalisation in economic change?
-has led to increase flows of ideas, capital, goods and services driven by economic changes
-Transnational corporations (TNCs) plays in the global economy
-Relationships between TNCs lead to global shifts — equals relocation of manufacturing production on a global scale
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What does economic restructuring lead to?
Loss of primary secondary sectors
-ACs transformed into post industrial societies were most worked in the tertiary quaternary sectors
what are the empires of structural economic change on people and places?
-economic restructuring-mine and factory closure= job losses in ACs = DEINDUSTRIALISATION
-Unemployment and associated problems like ill health increase
-They concentrated in inner city, neighbourhoods, or local authority housing estates in suburbs
-The industrialisation equals abandonment, dereliction, polluted land and waterways
what are positive impacts of Structural economic change in ACs?
-Cheaper imports of labour intensive products, which decreased cost-of-living
-Growth and LIDCs lead to demand of export from ACs
-increase industrial efficiency equals development of new technologies, promotion of entrepreneurship and attract for investments
-Loss of mining and manufacturing industry equals improved EQ
what are negative impacts of Structural economic change in ACs
-increased job export= job losses (often unskilled workers )
-Big gaps developed between skilled and unskilled workers
-The industrialisation and structural unemployment
-branch plants are vulnerable in economic recession they are 1st to close which increased job losses
what are positive impacts of Structural economic change in EDCs and LIDCs?
-increase export generated income, which promotes investment in productive capacity, which leads to the multiplyer effect on the national economy
-New highly paid jobs in local areas
-Decreasing negative trade balances
-Exposure to new tech, improvement of skill and labour productivity
-Employment increase
what are negative impacts of Structural economic change in EDCs and LIDCs?
-unlikely to decrease inequality and may promote in migration
-Lead to overdependence on a narrow economic base
-Stabilised food supplies as people stop agriculture
-environmental issues with overrapid industrialisation
-Health and safety issues of tax legislation
what is economic boom
-Period of rapid economic growth and expansion
What is an economic boom lead to?
-higher production rates
-Increased economic activity
-Increased employment
-Increased living standards and infrastructure development
what is an economic recession?
-A general slowdown in economic activity
What does an economic recession lead to?
-increased unemployment and layoffs
-Decreased incomes so hard to maintain standard of living
-Strained public services like healthcare and education
-Decrease in property values
Who will be more resilient during economic rec sessions
Regions with lots of natural resources may be more resilient during recessions as they can be leveraged for economic stability
