Changing Spaces Making Places Flashcards
What makes up a place identity?
Demographic, Culture, Built Enviroment, Natural, Socio-Economic, Political
Built Characteristics of Brick Lane
- 3/4 stories high
- Attached buildings
- Mostly shops or restaurants
- Graffiti and modern art in streets
Socio-Economic characteristics of Brick Lane
- Serial Killer Cafe
- Increasing Knowledge economy
- Lots of family owned shops
- Gentrification threatens diverse demographic and culture
- Still poverty but increasing affluence
- Large chain shop numbers increasing
- Large percentage of economically inactive people compared with rest of london
Demographic characteristics of Brick Lane
- Equal numbers of males and females
- Youthful population (largest age range is 20-24)
Ethnicity: Spitafields and Banglatown 2011 - 41% Bangladeshi
- 27% White British (47% London, 81% England)
- 16% white other
Cultural characteristics of Brick Lane
- 41% Muslim (12% muslim in London)
- 18% Christian (48% London)
Place of worship:
- Church early 1700s (1749)
- Synagogue 1897
- Mosque 1978
- Lots of art and vibrancy in the area
Political Characteristic of Brick Lane
- Predominantly labour 72% (44,000 votes)
- Street art is associated with being anti-establishment giving political proactive messages
Brick lane connection to british empire
PAST
- UK’s previous colonial Empire means more immigrants arriving in Brick Lane are likely to be of these nationalities
Brick Lanes connection to EU
PAST / PRESENT
- When UK was in the Schengen zone and EU large amounts of migration occurred without border control from other EU countries - led to cultural hubs
- 70% of Brick Lane voted remain in the EU
- Lots of political graffiti about Brexit vote
- Trading and tourism from the EU benefited Brick Lane
Brick Lane connections to rest of London
PAST / PRESENT
- Tourism bringing flows of money
- Historical connection with London docklands - imports and exports for silk weaving industry in the past
- UK government gave £50m to invest in East London’s tech city - to start gentrification and aim for a UK silicon valley
Brick Lane connections to SE Asia
PAST / PRESENT
- Huge flow of people impacting identity of BL
- Pull factors of BL being cheap, chain migration caused them to cluster in the area
BL connections to technology
PRESENT
- East london tech investment they gave tax breaks to encourage people to move here
- Build new connections for communication
- Set up of new trade and media
- Makes brick lane more globalized
Brick Lane flows of money connections
PAST / PRESENT
- Trade building new connections
- Chain restaurants increase flows of money
- Premier Inn £21.4m invested - this attracts tourists which increases multiplier effect
- £50m into east london silicon valley
Where is BL located?
East London, Tower Hamlets, Spitafields and Banglatown
Used to be called Whitechapel lane
Established in 1550
Brief summary of BL history
- 1700s: Huguenots were first wave of immigration from France (protestant)
- Distinctive houses built for silk manufacturing as silk industry boomed
- Eastern European Jews replaced Huguenots in 1881 after assassination of the Tsar
- End of WW2 bought Muslims from Bangladesh who had served in the UK navy (part of BE)
D6 location
- Former inner city residential area in Cape Town SA
What was D6 like before the apartheid?
Built Enviroment - High density of residential 2-4 story housing - Services and shops on first floor - Constructed in 1930 SE - Affluent - Evidence of cars and electricity Natural - Mountainous - Table Mountain, - Costal - Small green open spaces among houses Demographic - Mix of age groups - Evidence of a black population - Large mix of ethnicities (Dutch, English, German, French, Indonesia, Caribbean) - last 2 from slavery Culture - Bustling streets and community feel - Jazz music and bars popular - Langram Sokkie
What was the apartheid and what did it consist of?
When did it begin & end?
- Began in 1948
- No interracial marriages
- Segregation and white only areas
- Black people forced to move out of their homes
- White people became officially superior
- Black people forced to live in homelands
- Ended in 1994 (after work of Nelson Mandela and ANC)
Important dates that led to segregation
1948 - Immorality Act, Mixed Marriage Act, Group Areas Act
11th Feb 1966 - D6 area declared white
1967 - Started forcing people to leave for the Cape Flats (60,000) 25km away
How many families were in D6 before removals
Around 1800
How many people were relocated to the cape flats from D6
60,000
How many people were relocated in total from D6
150,000
How far away are the Cape Flats from D6
25km
How much did it cost to relocate people from D6?
30million Rand
What was the population of D6 in 1985
3500
How many homes have been re-inhabbited in D6?
135
How much space in D6 does the Cape Technikon take up
50%
How many hectares are left to build on out of 150 in D6
42
District 6 connections to countries on global scale
PAST
Netherlands
- originally a dutch colony from 1652 to 1795, and from 1803 to 1806
UK
- Became part of BE 1910 to 1933
- This left significant cultural connections, mainly language
Caribbean and Eastern Europe
- Migration of slaves from Caribbean
- Jews came from Eastern Europe
These connections made D6 a multi-cultural place with vibrancy and diversity
D6 connections to rest of SA
PAST
- Became a product of Apartheid regime
- Created political ties across the country
D6 connections with the rest of CT
PAST + PRESENT
Cape Technikon
- Forms part of Cape Peninsula University of Technology built on D6 land
- 32,000 students leading to flows of young people and ideas
- provides job oppertunites catering for the large institution
Cape Town Port
- D6 is 1.25km from the port, and historically many dock workers have lived here
D6 connections to the periphery of Cape Town such as CT flats
PRESENT
- 60,000 people forced to leave for Cape Flats means there are now social links between families between D6 and CF
- Emotional attachment to previous homes
- Many work for D6 museum
Flows of people in D6
PAST + PRESENT
Tourism
- 28m visitors to CT in 2016
- 60,000 people a year visit D6 museum a year, 50,000 of these are international tourists
- 18th largest attraction in CT out of 189
Immigration
- East Europe, UK, Netherlands, Portugal, France, Germany, Caribbean
- students moving to D6 for cape technikon - 30,000
Flows of ideas in D6
PAST / PRESENT
- Young peoples ideas at Cape Technikon
- Apartheid heavily influenced D6 future
- D6 is a centre of cultural heritage through its jazz and langram music
Flows of money in D6
PAST / PRESENT
- Money from government to forcibly relocate people
- Money from government for construction and development of Cape Technikon
- Money from tourists entering local community through D6 museum
- Recent private construction firms now gentrifying the area with new houses and apartments
How has D6 lost its sense of place?
- Lost many historical buildings and houses, aswell as diversity, life and culture that cant be restored
- Still has a strong place identity due to historical events that took place
Where is Alcatraz located
San Francisco, 1.25 miles north of the mainland in San Francisco Bay (Pacific Ocean)
Alcatraz background
- Never any female prisoners
- 336 is max number of prisoners
- No facilities for capital punishment
- Allowed visitors once a month
- in 1969 Native Americans occupied Alcatraz
- No confirmed escapes
- Originally inhabited by military prisoners
How is Alcatraz seen through informal representations?
Alcatraz is shown as extremely eerie and isolated to those that have never visited through the media. “Brutal hellhole”
The types of media below don’t acknowledge prisoners free time, lessons or workshops such as weaving or the communal side of the island with bands.
Films
- Escape from Alcatraz, The rock.
TV
- Simpson’s or Scooby Doo
Video game’s
- Black Ops 4 map on Call of Duty
How is Alcatraz seen by the prisoners?
NEGATIVE
A notorious prison - representation for brutality
Cells & solitary confinement - isolated, inhumane
Barbed wire and fencing - protected & violent atmosphere
Guards patrol everywhere - no privacy
Little freedom - could only play certain games like handball with little free time
James Johnston (1st warden) - very rigid routine, no talking even at meal times. If they did they stayed in the dungeon or D block.
POSITIVE
Good food selections - food was noted to be better than other prisons
Strict routine - clean and safer than other prisons, grateful to be there.
Inmate band, rubber shop, trades and weaving - inmates were allowed to learn and practice skills, something to work towards.
How is Alcatraz seen by the residents and guards on the island?
About 300 civilians including women & children living in building 64.
POSITIVE
Families enjoyed: bowling alley, a small convenience store, soda fountain shop.
Good accommodation.
NEGATIVE
Children weren’t allowed toy guns
Magazines had to be carefully destroyed
Razors, knives and silverware had to be thrown into the bay.
QUOTES
Lageson (son of officer):
- “I have nothing but happy memories from living here”.
- “ My best memory was my relationships wit all the other kids… we were such a close knit group”
Don Hurley (son of officer):
- “The children would yell, ‘Merry Christmas’ to the inmates… each year i though that our happiest night must have been one of their saddest.”
How is Alcatraz seen by native Americans?
- The Indigenous Peoples Sunrise Gathering is an annual event (Unthanksgiving Day).
- It commemorates the 20th Nov. 1969 protest event, where ‘Indians of all tribes’ took over Alcatraz for 19months to stand up for answers as to why a treaty for Indian right was dishonoured.
- Many make pilgrimages to the island.
- It is seen as a very special place and a part of their history.
Twin Towers location and finished date of construction
Lower Manhattan, New York
4th April 1973
What were the twin towers like before 9/11
Consisted of 2 towers (north & south) which were the tallest buildings in the world.
Commercial and used as a trading centre, large offices for finance.
A symbol of US power and western capitalism.
50,000 people worked permanently and fast paced with luxury lives.
A final testament to New York being the centre of the financial world.
Describe the 9/11 attack
How many people were killed, injured and how much did property damage cost
September 11th 2001
Conducted by Islamic terrorise group Al-Qaeda
4 planes hijacked by 19 terrorists: 2 heading for the towers, one hit the pentagon, one headed for White House but crash landed after passengers overcame the hijackers.
Killed 3000 people and injured 6000 others.
$10bn damage property
What is at the twin tower site after 9/11?
A memorial
- opened 2011
- 400 white oak trees.
- Pools and waterfall with names of victims inscribed.
A museum
- opened in 2014
- houses artefacts including steal from the twin towers, wrecked emergency vehicles, pictures of victims, 9/11 phone calls from planes and inside.
One world trade centre
- tallest building in the Western Hemisphere. 1776ft
- same name as the north tower, also nicknamed “freedom tower”
- “Chinese centre” helping US-Chinese business links.
How did the meaning of the twin towers site change after the attack?
Now a centre for mourning as well as tourism.
Many go to pay respect, leave flowers or learn about the history.
Used for reflection, remembrance and sorrow.
A very calm place with trees trapping out the business of new york.
The ground zero mosque - 9/11
Reasons for & against
REASONS FOR:
- Many Muslims also died in the attacks.
- By not building the mosque radial Islamic views are automatically associated with all Islamic views which is extremely unfair.
- A strip club is located closer than the mosque would be.
REASONS AGAINST:
- Remains of victims from the attacks were found out 348ft away.
- many think the building would serve as a symbol of victory for Islamic terrorism.
What is globalisation?
Globalisation is the process by which the world is becoming increasingly interconnected as a result of increased integration and interdependence of the global economy. 
Timespace compression definition
Timespace compression also called the shrinking of the world effect, this is the perception that places feel closer together than in the past due to reduce travel or ease of communication.
Three ways the world has become more interconnected
1) Increase in ways of travel, cheaper travel, and improvement in travel
2) Technology becoming more affordable and easier to transport. this increases communication around the world and encourages globalisation.
3) TNCs have encouraged development and less developed countries. This increases flows of money and ideas and spreads different cultures around the world.

Definition of containerisation.
Transportation by container three lorries being driven onto ships or containers been taken off the lorry and put on another without individual crates being moved,
Why do TNCs globalise?
The key reasons for globalisation are heading for comparative advantages:
- Access to skilled labour
- access to low-cost labour
- access to low-cost materials
- access the less regulation
- access to markets to sell products.
What are the main characteristics of a TNC
International division of labour, massive turnovers, multinational operations, long supply chains
Pros and cons of TNCs
Pros:
- Money on by local people goes into the local economy-multiplier effect.
- Improve energy production.
- Local people education and skills can be improved.
- Local infrastructure such as roads and airports can be improved.
Cons:
- Locals paid low wages and a few of the managers are local people.
- Most of the profits go abroad-economic leakages. -Pollution.
- Social economic insecurity-TNCs might pull out without warning.
- Poor working conditions-long hours with little time for brakes, safety can be compromised, health can be jeopardised.
Informal Representations
- How places are portrayed for a diversity of media.
- Examples: television, film, music, art, photography, literature, graffiti, and blogs.
- These often take an individual slant on things – they are contested.
- It is subjective.
Formal representations
- For agencies who outlines data with clear locational positioning.
- Examples: census data, UK roadmaps, geology map.
- These are things that are factual and objective.
Social inequality definition
The unequal distribution and unequal access to factors such as income, housing, education or health across a population.
List and describe indicators for social inequality.
GNI: measures income by totalling the amount of goods and services produced within the country by exports/ imports
GINI COEFFICIENT: Measured between 0 and 1, 1 being 1 person owning the countries income.
HOUSING TENURE: % of people who have a legal right to rent/ own their property.
ADULT LITERACY: % of adults who can read and write.
UNEMPLOYMENT RATE: the number of people without a job in the working age divide by all people currently in the labour force.
LIFE EXPECTANCY: average number of years a person is expected to live.
HDI: measure between 0(worse) and 1(better) - combination of GNI per capita, life expectancy and average years of schooling.
How many people are illiterate, earn less than $2 a day, in control of 50% of money, starving, have internet, have clean water as a percentage of the world population?
Illiterate = 14% Earning less than $2 a day = 15% In control of 50% of the money = 1% Starving = 10% Have clean water = 74% Have internet = 63%
What is life like in a deprived area?
Poverty - low wages or unemployment.
Poor living conditions - poor accommodation, overcrowding, rundown.
Ill-health - stress and unfit working or living environment.
Poor education - old schools, poor teaching.
Lower life expectancy - restricted meals and poor health.
Crime & vandalism - drugs and drinking on the streets, theft due to poverty, graffiti, litter, bars on windows for safety.
What is ab IMD?
What are Cambridges and Birminghams IMDs?
IMD - The Index of Multiple Deprivation, comparison of poverty, the higher the IMD the more deprived.
Cambridge = Rank 227 Birmingham = Rank 7
Comparisons of education and employment for inequality in Cambridge and Birmingham
Birmingham
Higher levels of employment.
More skilled and educated workers in the centre, northern suburbs and south-eastern quarter.
Less educated people located on the boarders.
Cambridge
Spread out education and employment.
High quality education in the south and west.
Central, southern and western Cambridge has the highest employment decile.
Why is there a difference in deprivation between Cambridge and Birmingham?
(Consider: University, Proximity to London, Silicon Fen, economic base)
UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE (1209)
Owns £11.8bn across its colleges.
Fellows and employees highly paid.
Huge draw of tourism generating over £750mil a year.
University of Birmingham doesn’t have the same Oxbridge reputation or history.(1900)
PROXIMITY TO LONDON
Cambridge is 106Km away from London
Cambridge has a 53min train.
Receives lots of investment and flows of people, ideas & money.
People with high paid jobs in London live in Cambridge to avoid London house prices - Multiplier effect.
Birmingham is 190Km away from London
Birmingham has a minimum 2hr train.
This might change with the addition of HS2 making it a 52min train journey to London.
SILICON FEN
More than 1,500 technology and research companies have set up head quarters in Cambridge.
5 of these are in the billion-dollar plus category.
AstraZeneca - spent more than £300m and brought in 2,000 researchers.
ECONOMIC BASE
Cambridge has high paid quaternary scientific research jobs.
Birmingham has a primarily secondary work force.
Birmingham’s industry also closed down leading to high rates of unemployment during 1980s.
Describe the pattern of deprivation in Cambridge.
Deprivation is mostly found in the north or east of Cambridge with roughly 10% most deprived particularly in Kings Hedges.
Queen Edith’s is one of the most least deprived areas.
South and North West are least deprived.
Why does social inequality occur within Cambridge?
Consider: University, proximity to transport links, Science Park, Addenbrooke’s
CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY (1209)
- Rich establishment (£11.8bn) yet struggle to pay “the real living wage” of £9 an hour.
- All the wealth is stored instead of supporting the people.
- Divisions with Town and Gown.
- Drives in scientists and digital workers from al lover the world. This drives up house prices making it unreasonable for locals.
PROXIMITY TO TRANSPORT LINKS
- Only central Cambridge, along Hills road and on -Station road have easy access to the station.
- These areas benefit through good transport links to London.
- Big business comes through here and not areas less connected.
CAMBRIDGE SCIENCE PARK
- The Science park is on the North-Eastern edge of the city.
- Contains over 130 businesses making it important in creating jobs, diversifying research and work sectors.
- Brings in foreign investment exacerbating inequality.
ADDENBROOKE’S
- World-renowned hub for medical research brings in foreign interest & investment.
- Lots of highly paid workers live nearby creating inequality.
What is Cambridge’s GINI coefficient and what does it tell you?
GINI COEFFICIENT = 0.460
It’s the least equal city in England & Wales.
Great deal of social inequality.
Very expensive place to live - if you have a low income you will struggle to afford a life in Cambridge and accessing the property ladder.
Leads to homelessness - 159 homeless.
What are some characteristics of economic boom?
- A fast growth in consumption, helped by rising incomes, strong confidence and a surge in house prices and share prices
- More jobs created and falling unemployment and higher real wages
- High demand for imports - causes the economy to have a larger trade deficit
- Government tax revenues rise - increased investment and spending
- Pickup in demand for capital goods
What are some characteristics of economic recession?
- The budget deficit is rising quickly
- Large price discounts offered by buisnesses to sell excess stock
- Rise in number of buisness failures
- Rising unemployment
- Fall in purchases of components and raw materials
- Loss in confidence
- Government tax revenues fall causing less investment
Evidence of social inequality in Cambridge - Crime Rates
Name the safest and most dangerous ward’s and their national crime rate comparison.
Describe overall patterns and explain why.
Safest ward: Queen Edith’s.
National crime comparison: under 30%
Dangerous ward: Market.
National crime comparison: 200%+
Relatively safe city aside from bicycle thefts. This is why crime is more common int he city centre due to more bikes to steal and night life.
Crime is also in Kings Hedges and western side of Cambridge.
Evidence of social inequality in Cambridge - Digital divide
Which wards have the highest and lowest broadband download speed?
Example of poor effort from the city council.
Describe the impacts of inequality connectivity.
Queen Edith’s = high
Market (town centre) = low
Cambridgeshire County Council was allocated 1,589 laptops for disadvantages students by the government, but following a review this was downgraded to 419.
Unequal access to internet has impact on accessing jobs, working from home, online shopping and leisure activities.
Where connectivity is low, businesses are less likely to set up.
What is an economic boom?
When real nation output is rising at a rate faster than the trend rate of growth
What is an economic recession?
A fall in the level of real national output (a period when growth is negative) for two yearly quarters, leading to a contraction in employment, incomes and profits.
What are some characteristics of economic boom?
- A fast growth in consumption, helped by rising incomes, strong confidence and a surge in house prices and share prices
- More jobs created and falling unemployment and higher real wages
- High demand for imports - causes the economy to have a larger trade deficit
- ## Government tax revenues rise - increased investment and spending
Factors that influence social inequality across Cambridge: EDUCATION
How many of the top 10 schools in Cambridge are independent?
Where in the city are the high achieving state schools found?
8 of the top 10 schools in Cambridge are independent.
The high achieving state schools are found around long road/hills road - Queen Edith’s / Trumpington wards.
Majority are found in the South, none in Arbery, Kings hedges.
Good grades are weighted towards independent schools which are expensive - families need a large disposable income.
What are some characteristics of economic recession?
- The budget deficit is rising quickly
- Large price discounts offered by buisnesses to sell excess stock
- Rise in number of buisness failures
Factors that influence social inequality across Cambridge: INCOME
Queen Edith’s & King’s Hedges % of children in low income families.
Fact about ranking of deprivation in country.
% of children in low income families
Queen Edith’s - 7.9%
King’s Hedges - 23.6%
Wards like Castle, Newnham and Queen Edith’s are among the 20% least deprived areas in the country.
Wards like King’s Hedges are among the 20% most deprived.
Factors that influence social inequality across Cambridge: INCOME
Qualitative research - 2 quotes from low income house holds
“Once I have bought food, gas, electric bills and the essentials I have no money left ”
“She was learning swimming but it’s really expensive and I had to stop yesterday because I can’t afford it.”
Factors that influence social inequality across Cambridge: INCOME
How does low income influence social inequality?
Families with low incomes feel embarrassed due to stigma and feeling helpless.
Can lead to stress and poor mental health - exclusion & anxiety.
Children cant enjoy the clubs friends do - parents eel guilty and child feels isolated socially.
Factors that influence social inequality across Cambridge: GENDER
Employment rates for Men and Women
What percentage of lone parent families are women run?
Women in Cambridge are a less likely to be in employment than men.
Employment rate for women = 71.5% (2016)
Employment rate for men = 82.6% (2016)
90% of lone parent families are headed up by women.
What is the background geography of Kenya?
- Population of 48m
- Climate: warm, humid tropical, NE is very arid/ semi arid
- Physical Geography: Mount Kenya (2nd highest in Africa >5000m above sea level. Highlands to the west. Part of East African rift.
- Cash crops: tea and coffee
- Key exports: fresh flowers to Europe
- Recent history: British from 1895 to 1963 then independence
- GDP per capita: $1,500
What is the Clark Fisher model for structural economic change?
A change in the economic structure of a model country over time
