Changing populations Flashcards
North-South divide
the increasing inequality in levels of development between the North and the South or between HICs and LICs
Development gap
the difference in wealth between developed world (north) and the developing world (south)
OPEC
the organization of Petroleom Exporting Countries, representing the interets of oil exporters.
The G7/G8
A group of the world’s wealthiest and most powerful countries
The G10 or Paris Club
a group representing the wealthiest members of the International Monetary Fund
Gross national income (GNI) capita (is measured)
by dividing a country’s gross national income by its mid-year population.
What does Chinas population distribution result from?
Its physical geography. Only small proportion of the country is able to provide the rain-fed agriculture
Internal migration in China
Migrants have left rural areas to seek work in urban areas.
What does South Africas population distribution result from?
High population densities are found in ares where there are good mineral resources, good farmin potential and good trading potential
Internal migration in South Africa
Economic migration link with industrial development, apertheid movememt
Circular migration
a feature of South Africa’s migration, when a worker moves repeatedly between home and host areas.
4 physical factors that affect the distribution of population at the global scale
Climate, water supply, soil, resources
2 human factors that affect the distribution of population at the global scale
Economic, cultural
CPE
centrally planned economies
NIC
newly industrializing countries
LIC
low-income countries
HIC
high-income countries
Main patterns of migration in China
Most of the migrants moved to the urban industrial cities by the coast
Two physical reasons for the distribution of population in china
Countries physical geography, economic growth
Political system in South Africa that was responsible for the distribution population
Aperheid system
State the proportion of population in China that live on the most densely populated 0.5% of the land.
11%
State the proportion of population in China that live on the least densely populated 50% of the land.
Less than 4%
BRIKS
Brazil, RUSSIA, INDIA, CHINA, SOUTH AFRICA
The general demographic transition model (DTM) shows:
the change in birth rate and death rate over time.
How is natural increase calculated?
by substracting the crude death rate from the crude birth rate. Expressed as percentage
When does natural decrease occur?
When the death rate exceeds the birth rate
What is population change
the balance between birth rate, death rate and migration
Doubling time
is the number of years needed for a population to double in size. It is found by dividing 70 years by the rate of natural increase %. Expressed in years
Population momentum
the tendency for a population to grow despite a fall in the birth rate or fertility rate
Population projections
predictions about future population based on trends in fertility
The total fertility rate (TFR)
is the average number of births per thousand woman of childbearing age
Life expectancy
the average number of years that a person can be expected to live, usually from birth, assuming that demographic factors remain unchanged.
Dependency ratio
measure the working population and the dependent population
Forced migration
the movement of refugees and internally displaced people (those displaced by conflicts) as well as people displaced by natural or environmental disasters ect.
types of forced migration
Conflict-induced migration - this includes people who are forced to move due to armed conflict
Development-induced migration - this includes people who are forced to move as a result of large-scale infrastructure projects
Disaster-induced migration - this includes people who are forced to move due to natural disasters
Types of forced migrants (7)
- Refugees - people who moved due to dangers of their race, religion, nationality, political opinion in the country
- Asylum seekers - a person who has left their country of origin in search of protection in another country
- Internally displaced persons (IDPs) - groups of people who were forced to move out of their country due to armed conflict, natural disasters ect.
- Development displacees - forced to move as a result of policies and projects to promote development.
- Environmental and disaster displacees - environmental refugees or disaster refugees
- Smuggled people - people who moved illegally for profit
- Trafficked people - people moved by deception for the purpose of exploitation and profit
The older dependency ratio (ODR)
acts as an indicator of the balance between working-age people and the older population that they must support
Pro-natalist
Country who wishes to increases its population size
Anti-natalist
Country who wishes to limit its population size
Demographic dividend
Refers to a bulge in the numbers of adults in a population. It occurs when fertility rate decline, allowing faster economic growth
Benefits of the demographic dividend
Increased labour supply, increase in savings, healthier women and fewer social and economic pressures at home, economic growth
Stage 1
Birth dates and death rates are high and variable
No countries, only some indigenous tribes at this stage
Stage 2
Birth rates remains high but the death rate comes down rapidly, population growth is rapid
Afghanistan, Sudan and Libya
Stage 3
birth rate drops and death rate remains low, population growth continues but at a smaller rate
Brazil and Argentina
Stage 4
Birth rates and death rates are low and variable
UK and most developed countries
Stage 5
Birth rate is lower than death rate, Japan
