Changing Populations Flashcards
LIC
Low income country, less than $1,046 GNI per capita.
LIC example
Afghanistan $520 GNI per capita
LMIC
Low middle income country, between $1,046 and $4,095 GNI
LMIC example
Egypt $3,000 GNI per capita
UMIC
Upper middle country, between $4,096 and $12,695 GNI.
HIC
High Income Country, above $12,696 GNI
UMIC example
China $10,310 GNI per capita
HIC example
USA $64,140 GNI per capita
BRICS
Brazil, Russia, India, China, and Sout Africa
Importance of BRICS
- They: compromise nearly half of the world’s population, quarter of the landmass, and a fifth of the worlds GDP
- Their GDP is almost at the US’s GDP
- Formed the New Development Banks, competes with the other two banks, and gives BRICS greater leeway to loan each other and other countries money for development
- Unrestricted by western influence
NICs
Newly Industrialized Countries
Key characteristic of NICs
Tend to heading toward becoming freer and stronger developed market countries
* Increased economic freedoms
* Increased personal liberties
* Transition fro agriculture to manufacturing
* Presence of large national corporation
* Strong foreign direct investment
* Rapid urban growth
How do emerging economies differ from low or middle income countries?
- Emerging economies: the country is becoming a developed nation and determined to improve many socio-economic factors
- Low or middle income countries are staying the same
Fertility Rate
Total number of children that would be born to each women in the country.
2.1 children ensures a stable population.
Measured in childeren per woman.
Life expectancy
The number of years a person can expect, which is influenced by multiple factors
Refugee
Someone who is unable or unwilling to return to their country of origin owing to a well founded fear of being persecuted for reassons of race, religion nationality, membership of a particular social group, or political opinion.
Asylum
Safe haven, authoriezed to work, eligible for government programs, gives them legal status.
Asylum Seeker
Anyone who meets the criteria as a refugee may apply for asylum to receive legal status. Must prove fear.
Why don’t more people get asylum?
There is a one year deadline
Need to go to court (pay for everything)
Scared to go to authories
Ignorant of how process works
Also its hard to prove they faced harm/threats
People who gain asylum can’t ever go back to their country
Forced Migration
General term that refers to the movements of regugees and internally displaced people.
Displace by conflicts within their country of origin, natural or environment disaster, chemical or nuclear disasters, famine, or development progects.
Economic reasons do not qualify
Internally Displaced Persons
Stay within their own country and remain under the protection of its government, even if that government is the reason for their displacement.
Why are internally displaced persons considered to be among the most vulnerable in the world?
They often move to areas where it is difficult for the UN to deliver assistance
Push factor example
Gangs in Guatemala, caused violence and the corroded the government.
Extreme poverty (23% live in extreme poverty)
4th highest rate of chronic malnutrition in the world
Water is scarc in guatemala as a quarter lack safe drinking water.
Push factor
Encourage emigration/displacement
Can be spontaneous or systemic
Forced migration results when push factors are too great to overcome
Pull fators
Encourage immigration
Can be real or imagined
“Attractors”
Dependency Ratio
Tells how many dependents there are for every economically active person
Dependency Ratio equation
(Dependenent population/Population of working age) x 100
Megacity
A city with 10 million or more inhabitants
Megacity pros
Economic powerhouses (many account for 1/3 of the whole country’s GDP)
Attract skilled labor
Megacity cons
- Rapid growth leads to lack of infrastructure, especially in LICs
- Lack of adequate housing
- Traffic congestion
- pollution
- Urban sprawl
- Enironmental Sustainability is lacking
Megacity cons
- Rapid growth leads to lack of infrastructure, especially in LICs
- Lack of adequate housing
- Traffic congestion
- pollution
- Urban sprawl
- Enironmental Sustainability is lacking
Which countries will ave the most megacites in the world by 2030?
China and India
Natalism
A belief that promotes the reproduction of human life
Pro natalist
Policies that are for having babies
Anti-natalist
Policies that are against having babies
Pro-natalist example
France: tax based benefits for married couples, parental leave with minimal salary drop
Anti-natalist example
China’s One Child Policy
Restricted to 1 child per couple to restrict birth - effect was an imbalace of male to female births and the birth rate is lowering too much
Demographic Dividend
The accelerated economic growth that can happen when a population has many working age people.
As # of births decline, young dependent population grows smaller. More workers and fewer children to support
What are the 3 key areas for investment when a country is in a demographic dividend?
Empowering rights and freedom, investing in education, and employment.
Example of a country in demographic dividend.
South Korea: used anti-natalist polices to transition from high to low fertility rates, 1950: 5.4 children per women, 1975: 2.9 children woman.
Used economic initiatives to lead them to their demographic dividen, such as a “production-oriented” education system, normalizing relations with Japan, and provided jobs.
Demogrpahic Transition Model
A model that uses birth and death rates to categorize countries into population demographics that foreshadow the country’s status
Stage 1 of DTM
Fertility and Mortality is high, population is stable.
From Plague, Famie, Poor living conditions, children were defined as assets, status was defined by how many children they had, and men’s property was women and children
Stage 2 of DTM
Fertility is high but mortality begins to drop, population booms.
From improvements in sanitation and healthcare
Stage 3 of DTM
Fertility declines below replacement rates
Mortality is low
Population declines
Reasons: Children are liabilites/expensive, elder care is changed, women are working, child labor laws implemented
Stage 4 of DTM
Fertility and mortality is low, population stabilizes
Country is fully developed
Stage 5 of DTM
Fertlity is low but mortality is high, population declines
From food/water running out, environmental problems, not enough resources.
Which stage of the DTM has no countries in it?
Stage 1
GDP
Gross Domestic Product: Measurement of all the goods and services produced within a country
GNI
Gross National Income: Measurement of the GDP + transactions in and with other countries.
Per capita
Means per person
Accounts for population in GDP and GNI
PPP
Purchasing Power Parity: Accounts for cost of living within GDP or GNI
Young Dependent
Anyone under the age of 15, and are cared for at home or school
Economically active
People between the ages of 15 and 64, working and paying taxes
Old dependents
Anyone over the age of 65, normally retired
Aging ratio
Portion of th epeople over the age of 65 compared to the total econimically active population
(total population over 65)/(total population of economically active (15-64))
HDI
Human Development Index: highly regarded indicator that tracks other factors, (life expecancy education, in addition to a nations economy
Indicates which countries are the most developed.
Takes in more social aspects than GDP and GNI
Push factor example
Gangs in Guatemala, caused violence
Pull factor example
The United States has a lot of employment and educational opportunities with high living standards.
