Changing Population

Question 1

Physical Factors affecting Population Density (6)

Answer 1

Flat relief
Proximity to river/water source
Fertile soil
Access to minerals
Temperate climate
Coastal Locations

Question 2

Economic Benefits of Demographic Dividend (4)

Answer 2

Increased FDI
Less elderly dependents - less tax revenue goes towards pensions
Less cost for education - less younger dependents
More economically active = stimulating industrial activity

Question 3

Environmental Push Factors leading to forced migration (5)

Answer 3

Air pollution
Water pollution + diseases
Soil erosion
Crop failure due to heat
Extreme weather events

Question 4

Why are fertility rates decreasing? (7)

Answer 4

Female empowerment
Age of marriage increasing
Access to reproductive health services
Employment opportunities - women may marry later due to career
Cost of having children
lack of affordable housing
High cost of living

Question 5

Natural Increase

Answer 5

BR-DR, not taking into account migration, expressed as a percentage

Question 6

Political causes of forced migration (3)

Answer 6

Civil war
Government policies
Persecution of minorities

Question 7

Political consequences of Forced Migration (3)

Answer 7

Rise of extremist groups in refugee camps
Changing government policies
Loss of trust in policy makers

Question 8

Policies used to promote gender equality (3)

Answer 8

Legislation - e.g. sex discrimination acts
Education
Quotas for females in government

Question 9

Fertility Rate

Answer 9

Births per women in her lifetime, replacement rate of 2.1

Question 10

Why do fertility rates decline when the status of women is improved? (3)

Answer 10

Employment + empowerment
Education - delayed marriage
Reduced child mortality = fewer replacement births

Question 11

Uneven sex ratio due to migration? (2)

Answer 11

Men migrate into other countries - send money back home to family
Migration of female domestic workers

Question 12

Uneven sex ratio due to an ageing society? (3)

Answer 12

Macho culture encourages risky behaviour
Men occupy many dangerous jobs
Females have a biological advantage - less fat surrounding organs

Question 13

Socio-economic problems due to an ageing population (4)

Answer 13

Reduced work force
Decreased tax revenue
Increased expenditure to care for ageing population
Closure of schools - unemployment in education sector

Question 14

NAMED COUNTRY BENEFITS FROM DEMOGRAPHIC DIVIDEND (5)

Answer 14

India
One of the youngest populations
Increased economic growth
Provides a large workforce
Attracts large amounts of FDI
Reduction in poverty
Increase in savings rate

Question 15

How to reduce people trafficking (4)

Answer 15

Protection, assistance, support
Education - informing vulnerable groups of their rights
Advertising
Improving the lives of those vulnerable

Question 16

Effects of Anti-natalist policy (6)

Answer 16

China
One child policy
Young girls abandoned in nurseries
Preference for boys
No legal status and opportunities for women
Lack of female partners for men due to gender imbalance
Employers find it difficult to recruit workers
Younger generation have to look after ageing population

Question 17

Effect of Pro-natalist policy (2)

Answer 17

Singapore
Parents with increased parental leave
Children getting better education due to government provision

Question 18

Reasons for median age of population decrease (4)

Answer 18

In-migration
High BR
Decreased life expectancy
Conflict

Question 19

Environmental Consequences of NAMED FORCED MIGRATION (4)

Answer 19

Syria-Germany
Due to conflict
Deforestation - refugees use firewood for cooking
Soil erosion
Loss of biodiversity
Waste disposal - soil and water pollution

Question 20

Policies to prevent human trafficking (4)

Answer 20

Education of individuals - prevent demand for services provided by trafficked - e.g. sex buyers
Travel restrictions - e.g. children can’t travel without parent’s signature
Prosecution of traffickers
International co-operation