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Geography > Changing Places > Flashcards

Changing Places Flashcards

1
Q

3 aspects of concept of place

A

Location, locale, sense of place

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2
Q

What 3 things change a “space” into a “place”?

A

Distinguishable features, memories, use of space

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3
Q

Definition of placelessness

A

When global factors have more of an impact than local factors; causing lack of uniqueness

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4
Q

Definition of topophillia

A

Love of a place

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5
Q

Definition of topophobia

A

Fear/ dread of a place

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6
Q

Definition of outsider

A

Perspective of someone who is unfamiliar with a place

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7
Q

Definition of insider

A

Perspective of someone who is familiar with a place

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8
Q

Definition of endogenous

A

Inside factors that change a places character

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9
Q

Definition of exogenous

A

Outside factors that effects a change in a places character

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10
Q

Definition of intercountry migration

A

Movement of people between countries

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11
Q

Definition of intracountry migration

A

Movement of people within a country

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12
Q

Definition of homogenisation

A

When places and character become so similar they become indistinguishable

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13
Q

Definition of regeneration

A

Redevelopment of a rundown area

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14
Q

Definition of near place

A

Somewhere that is known because of its proximity

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15
Q

Definition of far place

A

Somewhere that is known, but far away

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16
Q

Definition of media place

A

A place that you experience virtually

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17
Q

Definition of experienced place

A

A place you have been to

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18
Q

Definition of clone town

A

A town with a high street dominated by TNCs

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19
Q

Definition of urbanisation

A

Lots ot a country’s population living in built up areas

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20
Q

Definition of counter urbanisation

A

Movement of people away from built up areas

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21
Q

3 ways in which people view places differently

A

Different times, with different memories, with different past experiences

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22
Q

3 ways in which perceptions of place can be altered

A

Previous experience, emotional attachment, personality and age

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23
Q

3 factors of place attachment (tripartite model)

A

Person, process, place

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24
Q

Factors effecting place attachment

A

Gender, ethnicity, religion, age, moral code, interests etc.

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25
Q

CASE STUDY : California hills in august by Dana Garcia
Media source - poem
(4 quotes)

A

“A landscape short of rain”
“Sparse brown plants”
“Bright stillness”
“The wish for water”

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26
Q

Definition of social exclusion

A

Feeling “out of place” or not belonging to a certain Society

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27
Q

Examples of socially excluded groups

A

Homeless, disabled, social/ethnic minorities, religion, ex-convicts

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28
Q

Definition of spatial exclusion

A

When certain aspects/areas are excluded from society; this can be involuntary or chosen

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29
Q

Examples of chosen spatial exclusion

A

Gated communities

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30
Q

Characteristics of gated communities

A

Private neighbourhoods, aimed at the upper class, close to big cities

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31
Q

Examples of involuntary spatial exclusion

A

Homelessness, Britons in rural areas, short term housing tenancies

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32
Q

Characteristics of an experienced place

A

Can alter previous perceptions,
Different people will experience it differently,
“Genus loci” the spirit of a place,
A single experience can cause topophobia or topophilia

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33
Q

Characteristics of a far place

A

Recognises a division between “us” and “them”,
Can cause racist ideologies,
Places that feel foreign or exotic

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34
Q

Characteristics of a near place

A

Places where we can feel at home,
Forms our national identity as a country

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35
Q

Characteristics of a media place

A

Can be real or fictional; if experienced virtually,
“Information Age” provides lots of information but it can be too much,
Can make the world seem smaller,
Media perceptions can alter depending on where you live

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36
Q

CASE STUDY : Dharavi
Recycling/rubbish picking

A

80% of plastic is recycled,
35000 bag pickers in Mumbai,
$2 billion redevelopment plan for recycling,
1 million bags of rubbish collected daily

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37
Q

CASE STUDY : Dharavi
Characteristics of the slum

A

Informal economy,
Hand sorting rubbish to recycle,
Mumbai/Indian government try to hide it from the media,
People are happy

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38
Q

CASE STUDY : Dharavi
Compound 13

A

Children work with no protection,
Plastic is melted to form bangles and other jewellery,
No ventilation,
Toxic environment,
Works have low life expectancy

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39
Q

CASE STUDY : Dharavi
Fishing village (slightly more developed)

A

Under the threat of the development plan,
Lack of water drainage,
Brick and stone buildings, provide safer neighbourhood,
People in the are a want to see improvement

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40
Q

CASE STUDY : Dharavi
Redevelopment plan

A

Dharavi is seen as shameful,
Move slum dwellers into tower blocks but only allow them to live on the ground floor,
Being developed by the rich people who know nothing about the slums

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41
Q

CASE STUDY : the Venetian hotel
Making a perception of a far place

A

Does look like Italy, but looks too perfect and fake,
Perception changes when you find out everything is fake,
Has the same sense of place as Italy

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42
Q

Definition of perception of place

A

Can be formed by looking at photographs or news articles about a place,

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43
Q

Definition of sense of place

A

Formed when you actually visit a place and can take note of the sounds and sights, and how they make you feel

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44
Q

Definition of endogenous factors

A

Internal factors which shape the character of a place which can be both human and physical, but can’t work alone to shape the character of a place

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45
Q

Examples of endogenous factors

A

Culture, language, land use, topography, location, demographics

46
Q

Definition of exogenous factors

A

External factors which shape the character of a place, generally the relationship that the place has with surrounding dress, movement off people, money and ideas

47
Q

Example of an exogenous factor

A

A village may supply a town with day-trippers for a tourist destination

48
Q

CASE STUDY : Burnley
Characteristics in 1900

A

Small and dense town centre,
Lots of greenery,
No motorway (only rail)

49
Q

CASE STUDY : Burnley
Characteristics in 1920

A

Little forestry/fields,
Improving transport links,
Industrial Revolution

50
Q

CASE STUDY : Burnley
Characteristics in 1961

A

Sparse forestry,
Bigger/new facilities
Young demographic,
Green belt decrease,
WW2

51
Q

CASE STUDY : Burnley
Influence of the Industrial Revolution

A

1796, Leeds Liverpool canal was developed,
Extremely large cotton exports,
1865, American civil war led to cotton famine,
Loss of economy

52
Q

CASE STUDY : Burnley
Effects of the war

A

1940, nylon becomes increasingly more popular,
Loss of market hall and houses,
1980, the M65 is built,
1992, lots of displacement and riots

53
Q

CASE STUDY : Burnley
Town 2 Turf

A

Aims to improve links from the town to turf moor,
£6.1 million from levelling up fund

54
Q

CASE STUDY : Burnley
2014 grant (+ its impacts)

A

£17 million grant to regenerate,
10% foot fall increase,
20% decrease in vacant properties,
Improving perception of Burnley

55
Q

CASE STUDY : Burnley
2021 grant

A

Placed in priority group 1,
£23 million grant

56
Q

3 factors which create sense of place in John Montgomery’s triangle of place

A

Physical setting, activity, meaning/imagery

57
Q

Definition of place identity

A

How people experience a place and the meaning they give to it

58
Q

Factors which effects place identity

A

Urbanisation, suburbanisation, regeneration, counter urbanisation

59
Q

Definition of suburbanisation

A

Urban sprawl which causes improvements further away from the city, people can get to the outer city more easily

60
Q

Positive effect of suburbanisation on the rural-urban fringe

A

New services open,
Increased employment outside the CBD,
High demand for recreational activities,
More investment

61
Q

Negative effect of suburbanisation on the rural-urban fringe

A

Lose local village atmosphere,
More noise/air pollution,
Increased housing demand and prices,
Greenbelt under pressure

62
Q

Positive effect of suburbanisation on the inner city

A

Low rise and higher quality housing can be built,
Improvements to transport links,
Increased environmental quality

63
Q

Negative effect of suburbanisation on the inner city

A

Area looks neglected,
Social conflict rises,
Businesses move away,
Inner city declines,
Decreased employment

64
Q

Definition of globalisation

A

The increase of trade around the world especially by large companies producing and trading goods in many different countries

65
Q

Formal representation of a place

A

Eg, OS maps
Based on facts rather than feelings or emotions

66
Q

Abstract representation of a place

A

Eg, the tube map
Doesn’t show geographical locations, but locations relative to each other

67
Q

Informal representation of a place

A

Eg, Banksy
Uses artistic methods that are creative and stylised, these representations don’t necessarily have to exist

68
Q

CASE STUDY : New York
Media representation, New York by Alicia Keys
(3 quotes)

A

“Noise is always loud”
“Concrete jungle”
“Big lightss will inspire you”

69
Q

Different forces of change

A

Individuals, global institutions, national institutions, international organisations, TNCs

70
Q

Definition of gentrification

A

The process where the character of a poor rural area is changed due to more wealthy people moving in often displacing the original inhabitants

71
Q

Definition of re-urbanisation

A

When an area becomes more built up due to population increase

72
Q

What is property led regeneration?

A

Regeneration of the inner city, by changing the image, making the city more attractive, generating more private investments and improving confidence for future investments

73
Q

Advantages of gentrification

A

Housing improves,
Housing value increases,
More businesses,
Crime rate falls

74
Q

Disadvantages of gentrification

A

High housing demand and prices,
Original residents lose essential businesses,
Tension between new/old residents

75
Q

CASE STUDY : LDDC
Aims

A

Attract private investment,
Improve living conditions,
Regenerate the environment

76
Q

CASE STUDY : LDDC
Successes

A

Crime decrease,
£441 million government investment, £4.4 billion private investment,
200 000 more homes,
More taxes being paid,
Less flooding

77
Q

CASE STUDY : LDDC
Failures

A

Conflict,
No jobs for unskilled locals,
Basic food x3 price increase,
Land destroyed for jubilee railway,
Locals weren’t consulted

78
Q

What are UDCs?

A

Urban development corporations,
Led the regeneration of inner cities,
Lots of public money and planning permissions

79
Q

Successes of UDCs

A

£12 billion private investment, £4 billion public,
190 000 jobs created,
3500 housing units refurbished

80
Q

Failures of UDCs

A

Local people became isolated and had no input,
Too dependant on making profit,
Too much money wasted on bad land purchases

81
Q

CASE STUDY : Salford
Causes of growth

A

Cotton production,
Manchester ship canal dockland areas,
Surrounding areas

82
Q

CASE STUDY : Salford
Causes of decline

A

Modern ships can’t access,
High unemployment,
Social issues

83
Q

CASE STUDY : Salford
Economic consequences

A

Media city= 100 000 jobs,
Opportunities for young people,
£1 billion added since 2013

84
Q

CASE STUDY : Salford
Regeneration

A

Government grant (1980s)
Salford development plan (1985)
New housing, green spaces, and jobs (since 2010)

85
Q

CASE STUDY : Salford
Social consequences

A

Residential development,
Jobs for local people,
Slum clearance

86
Q

CASE STUDY : Salford
Infrastructure consequences

A

More green space,
Building development,
New museums and education locations,
Lowry

87
Q

CASE STUDY : Salford
Negative consequences

A

Relocation of businesses,
More traffic congestion,
More environmental pollution,
Higher house prices

88
Q

CASE STUDY : Detroit
General information

A

Population of 1.85 million in 1950, decreased to 670 000 in 2018
In the “rust belt”

89
Q

CASE STUDY : Detroit
Decline

A

Lots of crimes and racial tension - “white flight”,
City had to file for bankruptcy,
“Murder capital of the world”

90
Q

CASE STUDY : Detroit
Industry

A

Car manufacturing for Ford and Chrysler,
Demand for manufacturing decreased due to outsourcing

91
Q

CASE STUDY : Detroit
Moving out of decline

A

Quicken loans moved to Detroit in 2010, now has 17 000 employees,
Multiplier effect,
Population is still decreasing

92
Q

Why does urban sprawl occur in poor countries?

A

Fast population growth,
Rural to urban migration,
Poor income earners

93
Q

Why does urban sprawl occur in rich countries?

A

Rich/middle class,
Lots of car owners,
Decentralisation of good,
Inner city is overcrowded,
Large houses in the suburbs,
Increase in footless industries

94
Q

Definition of suburbanisation

A

A movement of people and services away from the inner city to the edge of built up areas

95
Q

What is the purpose of the greenbelt?

A

Established in the 1940s,
Low density land use,
Strict restriction,
Prevents cities from joining together

96
Q

Impacts of the UKs increasing population

A

Increasing house demand

97
Q

What is the population of the UK predicted to be by 2033?

A

70 million

98
Q

Advantages of building on brownfield sites

A

More sustainable,
Stops the city expanding,
Already got road access,
Easier to gain planning permission

99
Q

Advantages of building on greenfield sites

A

No clean up cost,
Cheaper land,
Blank canvas,
Often close to motorways

100
Q

Definition of counter-urbanisation

A

The movement of people from urban areas to smaller villages, leading to an increase in the proportion of people that live in areas defined as rural

101
Q

Definition of suburbanised village

A

An expanding village which means the boundary between rural and urban areas is difficult to maintain

102
Q

Push factors to move into rural areas

A

Problems in the CBD,
Poor quality housing in the city,
Decrease in employment in the CBD

103
Q

Pull factors to move into rural areas

A

Quiet and idyllic lifestyle,
Cheaper houses,
Car ownership makes it easier,
Decentralisation,
Work from home

104
Q

Characteristics of the housing in a suburbanised village

A

New, mainly detached or semi,
Renovated barns or cottages,
Expensive

105
Q

Characteristics of the inhabitants in a suburbanised village

A

Professional, young executives who commute

106
Q

Characteristics of the transport in a suburbanised village

A

Less public transport services (more people with cars)
Roads improve

107
Q

Characteristics of the services in a suburbanised village

A

More shops and restaurants,
Bigger school,
Modern village hall

108
Q

Characteristics of the socialisation in a suburbanised village

A

Local community services can become overwhelmed,
Village is deserted in the day

109
Q

Characteristics of the environment in a suburbanised village

A

More noise and risk of pollution,
Loss of farmland and open space

110
Q

Effect of suburbanisation on a village’s sense of place

A

Social conflict,
Chain in shops/services,
Raise in house prices,
Change in employment structure

Geography (3 decks)

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