Changing Places Flashcards
3 aspects of concept of place
Location, locale, sense of place
What 3 things change a “space” into a “place”?
Distinguishable features, memories, use of space
Definition of placelessness
When global factors have more of an impact than local factors; causing lack of uniqueness
Definition of topophillia
Love of a place
Definition of topophobia
Fear/ dread of a place
Definition of outsider
Perspective of someone who is unfamiliar with a place
Definition of insider
Perspective of someone who is familiar with a place
Definition of endogenous
Inside factors that change a places character
Definition of exogenous
Outside factors that effects a change in a places character
Definition of intercountry migration
Movement of people between countries
Definition of intracountry migration
Movement of people within a country
Definition of homogenisation
When places and character become so similar they become indistinguishable
Definition of regeneration
Redevelopment of a rundown area
Definition of near place
Somewhere that is known because of its proximity
Definition of far place
Somewhere that is known, but far away
Definition of media place
A place that you experience virtually
Definition of experienced place
A place you have been to
Definition of clone town
A town with a high street dominated by TNCs
Definition of urbanisation
Lots ot a country’s population living in built up areas
Definition of counter urbanisation
Movement of people away from built up areas
3 ways in which people view places differently
Different times, with different memories, with different past experiences
3 ways in which perceptions of place can be altered
Previous experience, emotional attachment, personality and age
3 factors of place attachment (tripartite model)
Person, process, place
Factors effecting place attachment
Gender, ethnicity, religion, age, moral code, interests etc.
CASE STUDY : California hills in august by Dana Garcia
Media source - poem
(4 quotes)
“A landscape short of rain”
“Sparse brown plants”
“Bright stillness”
“The wish for water”
Definition of social exclusion
Feeling “out of place” or not belonging to a certain Society
Examples of socially excluded groups
Homeless, disabled, social/ethnic minorities, religion, ex-convicts
Definition of spatial exclusion
When certain aspects/areas are excluded from society; this can be involuntary or chosen
Examples of chosen spatial exclusion
Gated communities
Characteristics of gated communities
Private neighbourhoods, aimed at the upper class, close to big cities
Examples of involuntary spatial exclusion
Homelessness, Britons in rural areas, short term housing tenancies
Characteristics of an experienced place
Can alter previous perceptions,
Different people will experience it differently,
“Genus loci” the spirit of a place,
A single experience can cause topophobia or topophilia
Characteristics of a far place
Recognises a division between “us” and “them”,
Can cause racist ideologies,
Places that feel foreign or exotic
Characteristics of a near place
Places where we can feel at home,
Forms our national identity as a country
Characteristics of a media place
Can be real or fictional; if experienced virtually,
“Information Age” provides lots of information but it can be too much,
Can make the world seem smaller,
Media perceptions can alter depending on where you live
CASE STUDY : Dharavi
Recycling/rubbish picking
80% of plastic is recycled,
35000 bag pickers in Mumbai,
$2 billion redevelopment plan for recycling,
1 million bags of rubbish collected daily
CASE STUDY : Dharavi
Characteristics of the slum
Informal economy,
Hand sorting rubbish to recycle,
Mumbai/Indian government try to hide it from the media,
People are happy
CASE STUDY : Dharavi
Compound 13
Children work with no protection,
Plastic is melted to form bangles and other jewellery,
No ventilation,
Toxic environment,
Works have low life expectancy
CASE STUDY : Dharavi
Fishing village (slightly more developed)
Under the threat of the development plan,
Lack of water drainage,
Brick and stone buildings, provide safer neighbourhood,
People in the are a want to see improvement
CASE STUDY : Dharavi
Redevelopment plan
Dharavi is seen as shameful,
Move slum dwellers into tower blocks but only allow them to live on the ground floor,
Being developed by the rich people who know nothing about the slums
CASE STUDY : the Venetian hotel
Making a perception of a far place
Does look like Italy, but looks too perfect and fake,
Perception changes when you find out everything is fake,
Has the same sense of place as Italy
Definition of perception of place
Can be formed by looking at photographs or news articles about a place,
Definition of sense of place
Formed when you actually visit a place and can take note of the sounds and sights, and how they make you feel
Definition of endogenous factors
Internal factors which shape the character of a place which can be both human and physical, but can’t work alone to shape the character of a place
Examples of endogenous factors
Culture, language, land use, topography, location, demographics
Definition of exogenous factors
External factors which shape the character of a place, generally the relationship that the place has with surrounding dress, movement off people, money and ideas
Example of an exogenous factor
A village may supply a town with day-trippers for a tourist destination
CASE STUDY : Burnley
Characteristics in 1900
Small and dense town centre,
Lots of greenery,
No motorway (only rail)
CASE STUDY : Burnley
Characteristics in 1920
Little forestry/fields,
Improving transport links,
Industrial Revolution
CASE STUDY : Burnley
Characteristics in 1961
Sparse forestry,
Bigger/new facilities
Young demographic,
Green belt decrease,
WW2
CASE STUDY : Burnley
Influence of the Industrial Revolution
1796, Leeds Liverpool canal was developed,
Extremely large cotton exports,
1865, American civil war led to cotton famine,
Loss of economy
CASE STUDY : Burnley
Effects of the war
1940, nylon becomes increasingly more popular,
Loss of market hall and houses,
1980, the M65 is built,
1992, lots of displacement and riots
CASE STUDY : Burnley
Town 2 Turf
Aims to improve links from the town to turf moor,
£6.1 million from levelling up fund
CASE STUDY : Burnley
2014 grant (+ its impacts)
£17 million grant to regenerate,
10% foot fall increase,
20% decrease in vacant properties,
Improving perception of Burnley
CASE STUDY : Burnley
2021 grant
Placed in priority group 1,
£23 million grant
3 factors which create sense of place in John Montgomery’s triangle of place
Physical setting, activity, meaning/imagery
Definition of place identity
How people experience a place and the meaning they give to it
Factors which effects place identity
Urbanisation, suburbanisation, regeneration, counter urbanisation
Definition of suburbanisation
Urban sprawl which causes improvements further away from the city, people can get to the outer city more easily
Positive effect of suburbanisation on the rural-urban fringe
New services open,
Increased employment outside the CBD,
High demand for recreational activities,
More investment
Negative effect of suburbanisation on the rural-urban fringe
Lose local village atmosphere,
More noise/air pollution,
Increased housing demand and prices,
Greenbelt under pressure
Positive effect of suburbanisation on the inner city
Low rise and higher quality housing can be built,
Improvements to transport links,
Increased environmental quality
Negative effect of suburbanisation on the inner city
Area looks neglected,
Social conflict rises,
Businesses move away,
Inner city declines,
Decreased employment
Definition of globalisation
The increase of trade around the world especially by large companies producing and trading goods in many different countries
Formal representation of a place
Eg, OS maps
Based on facts rather than feelings or emotions
Abstract representation of a place
Eg, the tube map
Doesn’t show geographical locations, but locations relative to each other
Informal representation of a place
Eg, Banksy
Uses artistic methods that are creative and stylised, these representations don’t necessarily have to exist
CASE STUDY : New York
Media representation, New York by Alicia Keys
(3 quotes)
“Noise is always loud”
“Concrete jungle”
“Big lightss will inspire you”
Different forces of change
Individuals, global institutions, national institutions, international organisations, TNCs
Definition of gentrification
The process where the character of a poor rural area is changed due to more wealthy people moving in often displacing the original inhabitants
Definition of re-urbanisation
When an area becomes more built up due to population increase
What is property led regeneration?
Regeneration of the inner city, by changing the image, making the city more attractive, generating more private investments and improving confidence for future investments
Advantages of gentrification
Housing improves,
Housing value increases,
More businesses,
Crime rate falls
Disadvantages of gentrification
High housing demand and prices,
Original residents lose essential businesses,
Tension between new/old residents
CASE STUDY : LDDC
Aims
Attract private investment,
Improve living conditions,
Regenerate the environment
CASE STUDY : LDDC
Successes
Crime decrease,
£441 million government investment, £4.4 billion private investment,
200 000 more homes,
More taxes being paid,
Less flooding
CASE STUDY : LDDC
Failures
Conflict,
No jobs for unskilled locals,
Basic food x3 price increase,
Land destroyed for jubilee railway,
Locals weren’t consulted
What are UDCs?
Urban development corporations,
Led the regeneration of inner cities,
Lots of public money and planning permissions
Successes of UDCs
£12 billion private investment, £4 billion public,
190 000 jobs created,
3500 housing units refurbished
Failures of UDCs
Local people became isolated and had no input,
Too dependant on making profit,
Too much money wasted on bad land purchases
CASE STUDY : Salford
Causes of growth
Cotton production,
Manchester ship canal dockland areas,
Surrounding areas
CASE STUDY : Salford
Causes of decline
Modern ships can’t access,
High unemployment,
Social issues
CASE STUDY : Salford
Economic consequences
Media city= 100 000 jobs,
Opportunities for young people,
£1 billion added since 2013
CASE STUDY : Salford
Regeneration
Government grant (1980s)
Salford development plan (1985)
New housing, green spaces, and jobs (since 2010)
CASE STUDY : Salford
Social consequences
Residential development,
Jobs for local people,
Slum clearance
CASE STUDY : Salford
Infrastructure consequences
More green space,
Building development,
New museums and education locations,
Lowry
CASE STUDY : Salford
Negative consequences
Relocation of businesses,
More traffic congestion,
More environmental pollution,
Higher house prices
CASE STUDY : Detroit
General information
Population of 1.85 million in 1950, decreased to 670 000 in 2018
In the “rust belt”
CASE STUDY : Detroit
Decline
Lots of crimes and racial tension - “white flight”,
City had to file for bankruptcy,
“Murder capital of the world”
CASE STUDY : Detroit
Industry
Car manufacturing for Ford and Chrysler,
Demand for manufacturing decreased due to outsourcing
CASE STUDY : Detroit
Moving out of decline
Quicken loans moved to Detroit in 2010, now has 17 000 employees,
Multiplier effect,
Population is still decreasing
Why does urban sprawl occur in poor countries?
Fast population growth,
Rural to urban migration,
Poor income earners
Why does urban sprawl occur in rich countries?
Rich/middle class,
Lots of car owners,
Decentralisation of good,
Inner city is overcrowded,
Large houses in the suburbs,
Increase in footless industries
Definition of suburbanisation
A movement of people and services away from the inner city to the edge of built up areas
What is the purpose of the greenbelt?
Established in the 1940s,
Low density land use,
Strict restriction,
Prevents cities from joining together
Impacts of the UKs increasing population
Increasing house demand
What is the population of the UK predicted to be by 2033?
70 million
Advantages of building on brownfield sites
More sustainable,
Stops the city expanding,
Already got road access,
Easier to gain planning permission
Advantages of building on greenfield sites
No clean up cost,
Cheaper land,
Blank canvas,
Often close to motorways
Definition of counter-urbanisation
The movement of people from urban areas to smaller villages, leading to an increase in the proportion of people that live in areas defined as rural
Definition of suburbanised village
An expanding village which means the boundary between rural and urban areas is difficult to maintain
Push factors to move into rural areas
Problems in the CBD,
Poor quality housing in the city,
Decrease in employment in the CBD
Pull factors to move into rural areas
Quiet and idyllic lifestyle,
Cheaper houses,
Car ownership makes it easier,
Decentralisation,
Work from home
Characteristics of the housing in a suburbanised village
New, mainly detached or semi,
Renovated barns or cottages,
Expensive
Characteristics of the inhabitants in a suburbanised village
Professional, young executives who commute
Characteristics of the transport in a suburbanised village
Less public transport services (more people with cars)
Roads improve
Characteristics of the services in a suburbanised village
More shops and restaurants,
Bigger school,
Modern village hall
Characteristics of the socialisation in a suburbanised village
Local community services can become overwhelmed,
Village is deserted in the day
Characteristics of the environment in a suburbanised village
More noise and risk of pollution,
Loss of farmland and open space
Effect of suburbanisation on a village’s sense of place
Social conflict,
Chain in shops/services,
Raise in house prices,
Change in employment structure
