Changing Places Flashcards
What is the primary industry?
The extraction of raw materials to sell and increase the economy. Including farming , fishing , forestry and mining.
What is the secondary industry?
The manufacturing of goods using raw materials to sell and increase the economy. Including steel making, car manufacturing and construction.
What is the tertiary industry?
Services to people. In the private sector to make a profit ( banking, insurance, retail ) or the public sector which is government funded ( schools and hospitals )
What is the quaternary sector?
Knowledge based sector concerned with information, communication, research and development.
What are the three phases in the Clark Fisher Model?
The pre-industrial phase : economy dominated by the primary sector (2/3 of the population) - typically LICS
The industrial phase : secondary sector peaks, tertiary increases while primary declines - typically NEES
The post-industrial phase : tertiary dominates, others decline, emergence of quaternary - typically HICS
Why did the decline in the British coal industry cause decline in primary employment?
At its peak in 1920s 1.2 million men were employed in coal mining but now we import more than 50% of our coal. Why?
- extracting coal more difficult so more expensive
- cheaper to import
- government policy and the miners strike - March 1984 Margaret Thatcher closed 20 coal mines, loss of 20,000 jobs so all miners went on strike and the coal industry stopped
- social attitudes with increasing concern to greenhouse gases, shutting power stations = the development of renewable energy sources releasing 300 kg less CO2
Explain another cause of reduction of the primary industry : mechanisation
Machines took the jobs of people causing a decline of workers in the industry.
1841 one in five (22%) worked in agriculture
2011 one in a hundred (1%) worked in agriculture
What is deindustrialisation?
A process with a decline in manufacturing industry resulting in a decline in the secondary sector
1966 manufacturing employed 8940000 workers
2011 manufacturing employed 2740000 workers
What are the external factors causing deindustrialisation in the uk?
Globalisation- increasing inter connectivity and interdependence across economies around the world
Global shift - companies move manufacturing to emerging economy countries due to comparative advantages ( lower labour costs , fewer laws , cheaper land , incentives )
Automation - increased automation so employs less people, 1980 = 440000 but 2010 = 130000 employed in car industry
What internal factors caused deindustrialisation in the uk?
- Very outdated factories too expensive to modernise in Uk, move to EECs
Industrial buildings by canals, canals not used anymore, inaccessible to roads so can’t move products, have to move either into country or to EEC - Interest rates increased so pay more on loan, can’t pay it, can’t modernise factory, cheaper to shift abroad (12% in 1970)
- High exchange rate, too expensive for customers abroad to buy so less sales
- Human resource issues, very unionised so workers ask for more money and strike if not met
Case study of decline of British car industry - British Leyland
Formed in 1975 made of lots of car companies that are no longer in British own (with some not existing), employed 128000 and made a million vehicles a year
Strongly unionised, workforce regularly went on strike ( 523 in 30 months )
Affected productivity so cars weren’t delivered and customers switched to other manufacturers
Cars that were made were made badly as workforce didn’t care = tarnished reputation and people moved to Jaguar and Rover
