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Geography Paper 2 > Changing Places > Flashcards

Changing Places Flashcards

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1
Q

What key term means the way in which a place is viewed/regarded by its inhabitants, this can be influenced by media representation or personal experience?

A

Perception of place

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2
Q

What key term means a location with a meaning?

A

Place.
Places can be meaningful to individuals in ways that are personal or subjective. Places can be meaningful at a social or cultural level and their meanings may be shared by different groups of people.

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3
Q

What key term means the deliberate shaping of an environment to facilitate social interaction and improve a community’s quality of life?

A

Placemaking

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4
Q

What key term means where a place is?

A

Location

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5
Q

What key term means how a place is shaped by its people such as events that are associated with the place?

A

Locale

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6
Q

What key term means a town where the high street is dominated by chain stores?

A

Clone Town

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7
Q

What key term means the emotional attachment that people have to a place?

A

Sense of place

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8
Q

What key term means a town’s loss of uniqueness or place in the cultural landscape to the point where one place looks identical to the next?

A

Placelessness

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9
Q

What key term means the process of making things uniform or similar, leading to places being indistinct from each other?

A

Homogenisation

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10
Q

What deterred Costa Coffee from opening a branch in Totnes, South Devon in 2012?

A

¾ of the town’s population signed a petition saying they would boycott any chain as the supported local and independent stores.
They are a community fiercely proud of their independently owned outlets and are eager to prevent Totnes becoming a clone town.
Costa recognized the local feeling against national brands and chose not to open a branch.

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11
Q

What scheme encourages investment into the local economy?

A

The Totnes Pound.
Reduces leakage out of the local economy lost in global financial systems.

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12
Q

Why is McDonald’s a good example of glocalisation?

A

There are over 36,000 McDonalds restaurants in 100 countries around the globe.
The aim to increase profits has led to the company adapting its brand to the local marketplace.
In Hindu countries, beef has been removed from the menu and so has pork in Muslim countries.
The number of McCafé’s has been increased in countries with a coffee culture

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13
Q

What key term means to be part of a community?

A

Belonging

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14
Q

What six factors affect sense of belonging?

A

Age
Gender
Sexuality
Socioeconomic status
Religion
Ethnicity

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15
Q

What is an insider?

A

Someone who is familiar with a place and feels welcome there and that they belong there.
E.g. residents of a country share the same cultural values.

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16
Q

What is an outsider?

A

Someone who feels unwelcome or excluded from a place.
E.g. international immigrants who don’t share cultural values with residents.

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17
Q

What factors affect a place?

A

Location
Physical characteristics
Human characteristics
Flows
Sense of place

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18
Q

What is an experienced place?

A

Places people have spent time in.
People’s experiences shape their sense of place for places they have been to.

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19
Q

What is a media place?

A

Places people have not been to, but have created a sense of place for through their depiction in the media.

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20
Q

What two words categorise a place based on its geographical distance?

A

Near
Far

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21
Q

What is meant by the term endogenous?

A

Internal factors which shape a place’s character.

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22
Q

What is meant by the term exogenous?

A

External factors which shape a place’s character.

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23
Q

What place characteristics are affected by shifting flows?

A

Demographic change
Cultural characteristics
Economic characteristics
Social inequality

24
Q

What are some good examples of factors that can impact the character of a place?

A

Holidays abroad
Conflict and associated migration
Terrorism
Industrial accidents
Natural disasters
Climate change

25
Q

What are the three main agents of change?

A

Government policies
Decisions of TNCs
Impacts of global institutions e.g. World Bank, IMF, UN

26
Q

What are the three types of flows that affect the characteristics of a place?

A

Flows of people
Flows of money and investment and ideas
Flows of resources

27
Q

What is an example of government policies driving change in a place?

A

One-child policy in China reduced rapid population growth altering demographic characteristics.

28
Q

What is an example of TNCs driving change in a place?

A

Ford, GM and Chrysler relocating to Northern Mexico from Detroit to take advantage of cheaper labour.
This led to a population decline of around 700,000 in Detroit, and social deprivation.

29
Q

What is an example of global institutions driving change in a place?

A

World Bank run Ningbo Countryside Development Project in China.
Improved social conditions by providing wastewater disposal services to 144 rural villages.

30
Q

What key term refers to people who are unfamiliar or different to the self and where conflict and social tensions can exist when people who do not have the same identity (the qualities, beliefs and attachments) as other people they meet.

A

The ‘Other’

31
Q

How is the city of Liverpool represented through the UK Census?

A

UK census conducted every 10 years by the ONS.
Can provide quantitative data about demographics but fails to establish a true perception of place.
4 universities. 1.1% higher student population than the average for the rest of the country.
Students bring money in, invest in property and utilise local services.
Shopping in local shops, money back into the local economy. PME. Reinforced by population with a level 4 qualification increasing by 7.2% between 2001 and 2011.
Between the 2001 and 2011 censuses, the population of Liverpool with no qualifications decreased by 9.1%, a 2.7% larger decrease than the national average. This suggesting standard of education is improving within the city.

32
Q

How is the city of Liverpool represented through CDRC maps?

A

CDRC maps provide quantitative data on deprivation and life expectancies of the people living in different areas of Liverpool
The maps show Bootle and Walton are areas of the UK in the most deprived decile, suggesting that the entire area will be deprived.
CDRC maps do not show us is that there are wealthier families living within these areas, but we cannot analyse the data closely enough to see individual lived experiences
Bootle and Walton are also in the lowest band of life expectancy at birth, 75 years or less.
However, this figure is based on other factors that will not necessarily be a correlation in all individuals and households. The figure is also an average, so there will be variations in the data within the specified area

33
Q

How is the city of Liverpool represented through film and television?

A

TV show ‘Bread’ (1986) 1980s Liverpool negative rep. Unemployment and desperacy.
‘Brookside’ (1982) and ‘Boys from the Blackstuff’ (1980) tackled unemployment and domestic violence. Gave a negative perception of Liverpool as a media place.
‘Desperate Scousewives’ (2011). Received criticism from Liverpool’s residents as it was not accurate and exploited and stereotyped the city for entertainment and lacked significant plot substance.

34
Q

How has music influenced perceptions of the city of Liverpool?

A

The Lightning Seeds is a Liverpool band that has become synonymous with English football since Euro 1996 for the song ‘Three Lions’.
The Beatles inspired tourist attractions the Cavern Club, the Beatles Story exhibition and Casbah Coffee Club.
The song Penny Lane (1967) depicts a street found in Liverpool, mentioning the sights and sounds of the band members upbringings “Penny Lane is in my ears and in my eyes”.

35
Q

How has cartography influenced perceptions of the city of Liverpool?

A

Maps can include hidden bias and influence. For example, during the period of colonial expansion, areas on a map were expanded in order to exaggerate area and resources
Counter mapping such as the maps of Liverpool produced by Adam Hayes are informed by the artist’s perception of place. These maps include not only factual information but also conveys a sense of place

36
Q

What is a good example of a diaspora in the UK?

A

Large Caribbean community in Brixton, London.
Windrush Generation settled here following WW2.
Backlash from existing community who didn’t wish to share with the migrants. Civil unrest Brixton Riots 1981.
Community has developed shops, restaurants and services that provide for the needs of the Caribbean Londoners.
However it is at risk from gentrification forcing the community to move out as they can’t afford to live there.

37
Q

What is an example of gentrification in the UK?

A

Shoreditch, London
Has experienced gentrification and hipsterfication.
It was formerly a neglected and derelict area of the city.

38
Q

What is an example of NIMBYism in the UK?

A

The “Hands off Danbury” local action group has resisted change in the local area.
(Not in my back yard)

39
Q

What was Liverpool like in the 1800s?

A

One of the UKs most important ports and cities linked to the slave trade and the Lancashire Cotton Industry.

40
Q

How did Liverpool experience change in the 1960s and 70s?

A

Deindustrialisation in Liverpool in the 1960s and 1970s.
UK joins EU in 1973 which leaves Liverpool on the wrong side of the country to trade with Europe rather than America.
Liverpool’s docks slow to embrace containerisation. This led to massive out-migration.
50,000 redundancies in Merseyside between 1975 and 1978.

41
Q

What was the character of Liverpool in the 1980s?

A

Poor image due to TV shows like ‘Boys from the Blackstuff’.
1981 Toxteth Riots.
PM Margaret Thatcher appoints Michael Heseltine as Minister for Merseyside. He set up the Merseyside Development Corporation (MDC), this was operational until 1998.

42
Q

What was the MDC and what did it do to help Liverpool?

A

The Merseyside Development Corporation largely focused on waterfront regeneration e.g. International Garden Festival (1984), Brunswick Business Park and Albert Dock.
Created 700,000km2 of non-housing development and 486 homes. Created 22,000 jobs.
Nearly £700m in private investment was attracted.
Nearly 4km2 of land was reclaimed and 97km of new roads and footpaths opened.
The Albert Dock opened in 1988.

43
Q

Which corporate body led the development of Liverpool One?

A

The Grosvenor Group.

44
Q

How has Liverpool One benefitted Liverpool?

A

40 hectares of London on the site of a former bus station.
Opened May 2008.
Brought in £3.3bn. 50% went on wages for employees.
4700 jobs for local people.
£1.6bn taxes benefitting local and national government and allowed local authorities to invest into development (PFB).

45
Q

What is the main criticism of Liverpool One?

A

Existing shops became a zone of discard, were alienated and forced to close.
Most of the shops are chains, giving the centre a homogenised feel.

46
Q

Which corporate body led the development of Liverpool Waters?

A

Peel Holdings. 30-year £5.5bn project.

47
Q

What are the positives of Liverpool Waters?

A

Reclaimed 60 hectares of deindustrialised and derelict, brownfield docklands.
Invested in local economy and people’s wellbeing
Saved the city £34 million annually
17,000 new jobs, combatting unemployment
23,000 new homes and apartments have been used as a re-imaging technique to remove bad perceptions of place set out by 1980s poor living conditions and dereliction
4 new hotels, encouraging tourism and boosting local economy
New office blocks and infrastructure

48
Q

What is the main criticism of Liverpool Waters?

A

Homes are not affordable.

49
Q

Which corporate body led the redevelopment of the RopeWalks?

A

Urban Splash

50
Q

Why was the RopeWalks in need of regeneration?

A

It was a rope-making factory in the 19th century but was shut down by deindustrialisation.

51
Q

How was the RopeWalks improved?

A

Became home to Bluecoast Arts Centre, FACT multimedia studios, China Town, nightlife.

52
Q

How was Amsterdam rebranded and re-imaged in the early 21st century?

A

I Amsterdam slogan.
Originated 2004 photography comp.
Large 3D letters Rijksmuseum photographed 8000 times a day when sunny.
Smartphones and social media spread image worldwide.

53
Q

Why was Amsterdam in need of rebranding?

A

Late 20th century reputation as major international cultural centre threatened.
Comp. from exogenous and endogenous cities to N’Lands.
Failed Olympics bid.
Reputation soft drugs and prostitution. Inappropriate for investors and enterprise.

54
Q

How is Cobham, Surrey a good example of globalisation?

A

Chelsea FC Training Ground 2007.
Wealthy inward migration footballers and staff. PME.

55
Q

What effect has Bond Street on the city of Chelmsford?

A

Opened September 2016.
Flows of investment.
Employment opportunities. John Lewis, Everyman. Younger populations.
PME makes Chelmsford wealthier over time.
Customers from wider Essex.
Same shops, homogenised, placelessness, clone town.

56
Q

What does the development of Beaulieu Park show about Chelmsford?

A

Response to growing pop.
New services. Shopping parades, housing.
Inclusive, state, first all-through school in Essex.
New train station in development attractive to commuters.

Geography Paper 2 (3 decks)

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