Changing Places

Question 1

what is place

Answer 1

a built environment, meaning different things to different people

Question 2

what are the three aspects of place

Answer 2

location,
locale,
sense of place

Question 3

location

Answer 3

where a place physically is e.g. it’s coordinates on a map

Question 4

locale

Answer 4

the effect that people have on their setting. in terms of locale, a place is shaped by the people, cultures and customs within it

Question 5

sense of place

Answer 5

the subjective and emotional attachment people have to a place, this differs between people

Question 6

CASE STUDY: Glastonbury

Answer 6

location - Somerset, 24 miles south of Bristol
locale - tourist attractions like Glastonbury Abbey and Glastonbury Tor (described by the national trust as ‘one of the most spiritual sites in the country’, also known for the internationally famous music festival at worthy farm each year
sense of place - religious connections with paganism and an affiliation with king Arthur, many people visit purely for religious reasons or the music festival

Question 7

perception of place

Answer 7

this is the way in which a place can be viewed or regarded by people, this can be influenced by media representation or personal opinion

Question 8

placemaking

Answer 8

the deliberate shaping of an environment to facilitate social interaction and improve a community’s quality of life

Question 9

what are the three theoretical approaches to place

Answer 9

descriptive,
social constructionist,
phenomological

Question 10

what is the descriptive approach to place

Answer 10

the world is a set of places and each place can be studied and is distinct

Question 11

what is the social constructionist approach to place

Answer 11

place is a product of a particular set of social processes occurring at one time

Question 12

what is the phenomological approach to place

Answer 12

how an individual person experiences a place, recognising a highly individual and personal relationship between place and person

Question 13

Yi-Fu Tuan and Edward Relph’s approaches to place

Answer 13

Yi-Fu Tuan developed the term ‘topophilia’ to describe the affective bond between people and a place.
Edward Relph says that our understanding of a place is aided by the degree of attachment, involvement and concern a person or group has for it

Question 14

CASE STUDY: Trafalgar Square, London

Answer 14

social constructionist view: Trafalgar Square was built to commemorate a British naval victory in the 1800s, so it could be seen as a place of empire and colonialism
material traces: the statue of Admiral Lord Nelson, which stands on a public square between two fountains
non-material traces: the statue was built to commemorate his role in the British colonial system

Question 15

material traces of place

Answer 15

physical additions to the environment

Question 16

non-material traces of place

Answer 16

events or emotions that occur in that place

Question 17

how does our attachment to a place change with age

Answer 17

our understanding of the environment and our attachment to it expands with age
the depth of attachment to a place is influenced by our increase in knowledge and understanding of the place
our attachment to a place is also linked with the intensity and meaning of experience in that place

Question 18

topophilia

Answer 18

the affective bond with your environment - a strong positive sense of place coming from cultural, emotional and cognitive ties to an area

Question 19

topophobia

Answer 19

the fear of certain places or situations that you may have bad experiences or memories from causing anxiety and danger in that place

Question 20

social exclusion

Answer 20

making members of a society feel unwelcome

Question 21

Spacial exclusion

Answer 21

physically being ‘separate’ and unable to access parts of society

Question 22

Insider

Answer 22

a viewpoint form someone within a place who lives there or was born there or has experience of that place and can fit in there

Question 23

Insider characteristics

Answer 23

Place of Birth: born there, parents born there
Status: permanent residence, holds a passport for the country and can work, vote, and claim benefits (is a citizen)
Language capability: fluent in local language
Social Interactions: understands the unspoken rules of that society
Sate of mind: safe, secure, happy, feels at home

Question 24

Outsider

Answer 24

a viewpoint from someone who is not from that place, doesn’t live there or has no experience of that place and doesn’t fit into the community there

Question 25

Outsider Characteristics

Answer 25

Place of Birth: not born there, immigrants or parents were immigrants
Status: temporary visitor, has a foreign passport, may not be able to work or claim benefits, may be travelling
Language Capability: not fluent, doesn’t understand local idioms or slang
Social Interactions: frequently makes faux paus or misunderstands interactions
State of mind: homesick, alienated, out of place

Question 26

Nimbyism

Answer 26

(Not In My Back Yard) a character of opposition by residents to proposed developments to their local area

Question 27

Experienced place

Answer 27

a place which a person has physically spent time in and has the actual experience of being there, so they have stronger opinions and sense of place

Question 28

Media place

Answer 28

places that a person has only read about or seen media such as film, news, social media or the internet, so hasn’t formed an individual or personal opinion or sense of place

Question 29

Near place

Answer 29

an area or region near to another place geographically, or somewhere emotionally near to your heart

Question 30

Far place

Answer 30

an area or region that is far from another place geographically, or has a distant or ambivalent connection to someone emotionally

Question 31

Exogenous

Answer 31

the relationship of one place with other places and the external characteristics and influences which affect this - e.g. demographic, socio-economic and culture of a place shaped by the shifting flows of people, resources, money and other investment

Question 32

Endogenous

Answer 32

the characteristics of the place itself - e.g. location, physical geography, land use and social and economic characteristics like population and employment

Question 33

Endogenous factors contributing to the internal character of place

Answer 33

NATURAL
Location: site or situation
Topography: height of the land, relief (hills, mountains)
Physical geography: drainage, floodplain, soil type, valley
Climate: temperature, wind precipitation
Geology: minerals, ores, soils
HUMAN
Land use: settlement, industrial, commercial, agricultural
Built environment: age of buildings, type of buildings
Infrastructure: road and rail networks, waterways, airports
Demographic: age structure, ethnicity
Economic: sector (primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary)

Question 34

Exogenous factors contributing to the external character of place

Answer 34

People: migrants or workers come from outside a place to live or work
Capital: investment from a business based outside the area
Resources: raw materials, transport infrastructure
Ideas: urban planners, architects, business and artists may bring ideas to shape and change a place

Question 35

CASE STUDY: Newcastle upon Tyne

Answer 35

ENDOGENOUS FACTORS
Natural
Topography: Is on a steep valley side, with the river Tyne to the South and farming land to the North
Water: available in the Tyne but also at many small tributaries that run under the city centre
Geology: The city is underlain by coal which helped with rapid expansion during the industrial revolution. Sandstone from nearby Durham is used in many of the impressive buildings
Climate: Cool in summer - on the North Sea and cold and windy in winter
Location: Most of the city is above sea level with a steep drop to the Tyne. The city centre is South facing helping with sun exposure.
Human
Land use: Has changed over time from defence to farming/markets, to coal mining, then industrial manufacturing/ship building and now post industrial research and development
Economic Characteristics: Newcastle has gone through phases of all of the industries and is now in quaternary
Built environment: the city centre is a combination of modern buildings, neo classical in Grainger Town, more modern high tech and post-modern western buildings
Communications and infrastructure: Newcastle is linked via the East Coast main line, an international airport, major north-south roads such as the A1. Its position on the Tyne is the furthest downstream narrow enough for a bridge, an essential feature for communication.
Demographic characteristics: Newcastle has a young population by national standards that ages with progress North through the city. It is the most ethically diverse in the NE but has less diversity than other major UK cities.

EXOGENOUS FACTORS
Competition from abroad and the drive towards larger ships resulted in a decline in the ship building industry.
Government decisions such as locating HMRC in the North of the city have provided jobs.
National Government decisions on tertiary education have resulted in the growth of the tertiary and quaternary sectors in the Universities.
TNC retailers and the demand for larger retail units resulted in the decline of Grainger Town as a retail area, then UK government funds and a successful regeneration scheme allowed for its rebirth.

Question 36

CASE STUDY: Rural England and BAME

Question 37

Migration (exogenous factor)

Answer 37

A shifting flow of people. For example, in 2004 the EU enlarged and allowed free movement of people from 8 countries in Eastern Europe. This made immigration increase 15% reaching a record high at the time of 589,000. This can have a huge affect on places which receive these migrants. New cultures, food, music etc. are imported into the place, changing its character

Question 38

Technological change (exogenous factor)

Answer 38

a shifting flow of ideas for example changes that have taken place because of innovations in technology and Wi-Fi

Question 39

Economic change (exogenous factor)

Answer 39

The shifting flows of money and investment. The new International Division of Labour has transferred a lot of manufacturing production to Asia. High costs have put pressure on businesses in Western Europe. In Redcar, a steel works open since 1979 closed the plant due to falling global steel prices and high energy costs in the UK. Around 3000 jobs were lost at the plant, both through direct employees and those working in the factory’s supply chain.

Question 40

Government rules and decisions (exogenous factor)

Answer 40

governments can make decisions that impact areas, e.g. many of the BBC’s functions were relocated from London to Manchester, helping to create a media city in Salford